tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44218679974402534232024-02-08T12:23:58.830-08:00How to write and essayMerrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.comBlogger169125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-25933046408864436012020-08-25T12:58:00.001-07:002020-08-25T12:58:03.168-07:00Reactive, Proactive Patrols free essay sampleIn policing there are two sorts of watch, responsive and proactive watch. Receptive watch depends on violations after they are submitted. Proactive watch depends on forestalling wrongdoing as opposed to reacting to violations after they were submitted. In the event that police divisions embraced one kind of watch there would be outcomes. On the off chance that police offices embraced receptive watches, at that point there would be no real way to forestall violations. Police would just appear after a wrongdoing was perpetrated and there would be an expansion in wrongdoing. There would be an expansion of crime, auto collisions, and a lessening in network endorsement of police. On the off chance that police embraced the proactive watch, at that point there would be more watch in issue zones where wrongdoing is higher than different territories. This sort of watch is a great idea to forestall wrongdoing, yet whenever received it would make the network have little endorsement of the police, since it could make violations be all over rather than a particular territory. We will compose a custom article test on Responsive, Proactive Patrols or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It would likewise make officials target violations rather than react to calls about wrongdoings. As I would see it, a police office would be more qualified for crime on the off chance that they keep the two sorts of watch as opposed to receive one sort; it would make the division progressively conductive and network arranged. Authentication OF ORIGINALITY I affirm that the appended paper is my unique work. I know about, and recognize my duties which are a piece of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I certify that any area of the paper which has been submitted already is credited and refered to all things considered, and that this paper has not been put together by any other person. I have distinguished the wellsprings of all data whether cited verbatim or reworded, all pictures, and all citations with references and reference postings. Alongside references and reference postings, I have utilized quotes to distinguish citations of less than 40 words and have utilized square space for citations of at least 40 words. Nothing in this task abuses copyright, trademark, or other protected innovation laws. I further concur that my name composed on the line underneath is planned to have, and will have, a similar legitimacy as my written by hand signature. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-87248618459655600782020-08-22T22:32:00.001-07:002020-08-22T22:32:29.257-07:00Sample Short Answer Essay for a College ApplicationTest Short Answer Essay for a College Application The Common Application no longer requires a short answer exposition from all candidates, however numerous schools keep on including the short answer as a component of an enhancement. The short answer exposition brief commonly states something like this: Briefly expound on one of your extracurricular exercises or work encounters. Schools like this kind of inquiry since it offers their candidates the chance to recognize an action that is important to them and to clarify why it is significant. This data can be helpful to universities with all encompassing confirmations as they attempt to recognize understudies who will carry intriguing abilities and interests to the grounds network. Test Short Answer Essay Christie composed the accompanying example short answer exposition to expand upon her affection for running: It is the least complex of developments: right foot, left foot, right foot. It is the least complex of activities: run, unwind, relax. For me, running is both the most essential and the most intricate action I act at whatever day. While my body acclimates to the difficulties of rock ways and steep slopes, my psyche is allowed to float, to filter through whatever requirements arranging or arranging the up and coming days assignments, a contention with a companion, some annoying pressure. As my lower leg muscles extricate and my breathing subsides into its profound cadence, I am ready to discharge that pressure, overlook that contention, and set my psyche all together. What's more, at the halfway point, two miles into the course, I stop at the peak vista neglecting my little town and the encompassing forests. For one minute, I stop to tune in to my own solid heartbeat. At that point I run once more. Investigate of the Short Answer Essay The creator has concentrated on an individual movement, running, no history-production accomplishment, group triumph, world-changing social work, or even a formal extracurricular action. All things considered, the short answer paper doesn't feature any sort of momentous achievement or individual ability. In any case, consider what this short answer exposition reveals the creator is somebody who can discover delight in the least difficult of exercises. She is somebody who has discovered a compelling route for managing pressure and discovering harmony and balance in her life. She uncovers that she is on top of her self and her unassuming community condition. This one little section gives us the feeling that the creator is an astute, touchy, and solid individual. In a short space, the article uncovers the development of the author she is intelligent, articulate, and adjusted. These are for the most part measurements of her character that won't run over in her arrangements of evaluations, test scores, and extracurricular exercises. They are additionally close to home characteristics that will be appealing to a school. The composing is additionally strong. The composition is tight, clear, and elaborate without being over-composed. The length is a perfectâ 823 characters and 148 words. This is a common length limit for a short-answer exposition. All things considered, if your school is requesting only 100 words or something longer, make certain to adhere to their directions cautiously. Job of Essays and Your College Application Remember the job of any expositions, even short ones, that you submit with your school application. You need to introduce a component of yourself that isnt promptly evident somewhere else in your application materials. Uncover some concealed intrigue, enthusiasm, or battle that will give the affirmations people an increasingly point by point representation of yourself. The school has requested a short paper since it has all encompassing affirmations; at the end of the day, the school attempts to assess the entire candidate through both quantitative (grades, test scores, rank) and subjective (papers, meet, extracurricular exercises). A short answer exposition gives the school a valuable window into the candidates interests. Christie prevails on this front. For both the composition and the substance, she has composed a triumphant short answer article. You might need to investigate another case of aâ good short answer on working at Burger Kingâ as well as take in exercises from aâ weak short answer on soccerâ and aâ weak short answer on business enterprise. As a rule, on the off chance that you follow the exhortation on composing a triumphant short answer and stay away from normal short answer botches, your exposition will reinforce your application and help make you an alluring contender for confirmation. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-82667460915447215972020-08-22T04:34:00.001-07:002020-08-22T04:34:13.895-07:00Free Essays on Othello - Deception In OthelloWilliam Shakespeareââ¬â¢s catastrophe, Othello, is a play focused on the topic of double dealing. All through the play, Shakespeare utilizes this topic to build up the plot and to achieve the defeat of the title character. This is accomplished basically through the exchange of the character Iago in various key scenes, and its impact on both minor and significant characters. The topic creates all through the play in an ever-growing trap of falsehoods that influences each character. The initial scene of the play promptly lowers the crowd in trickery through Iagoââ¬â¢s discourse. Iago is in discussion with the character Roderigo, who we later learn is being bamboozled by Iago. Iago is vowing that he follows his ruler, Othello, not unavailable, rather in the quest for vengeance. He really states: ââ¬Å" I tail him to serve my chance upon him.â⬠This announcement, in Act I, Scene 1 no less, obviously makes way for a play of misdirection and manipulating. Iago continues to invalidate any loyalty to Othello for the following 25 lines! This discourse is finished up with the line ââ¬Å"I am not what I am.â⬠By having this in the absolute first scene, Shakespeare recognizes to the crowd that misdirection will be a key subject in the play and will repeat much of the time. The full degree of the double dealing in the principal scene isn't uncovered until Act I, Scene 3, when Iago uncovers reality in his monologue. Iago really expounds on how he is in actuality beguiling Roderigo into giving him cash to by presents for Desdemona, a help Iago had not done and never proposed to do. He proceeds to state that: ââ¬Å"Thus do I ever make my bonehead my satchel; For I mine own insight should dishonor On the off chance that I would time exhaust with such a kill In any case, for my game and profit.â⬠Iago straightforwardly concedes that he has been misdirecting Roderigo for cash and for diversion. This gives the primary scene more noteworthy importance while at the same time uncovering Iago as a genuine misrepresentation to the aud... Free Essays on Othello - Deception In Othello Free Essays on Othello - Deception In Othello William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s disaster, Othello, is a play fixated on the topic of duplicity. All through the play, Shakespeare utilizes this subject to build up the plot and to achieve the ruin of the title character. This is accomplished essentially through the exchange of the character Iago in various key scenes, and its impact on both minor and significant characters. The subject creates all through the play in an ever-extending web of untruths that influences each character. The initial scene of the play quickly lowers the crowd in double dealing by means of Iagoââ¬â¢s discourse. Iago is in discussion with the character Roderigo, who we later learn is being misdirected by Iago. Iago is vowing that he follows his ruler, Othello, not unavailable, rather in the quest for retribution. He really states: ââ¬Å" I tail him to serve my chance upon him.â⬠This announcement, in Act I, Scene 1 no less, unmistakably makes way for a play of duplicity and double-crossing. Iago continues to invalidate any devotion to Othello for the following 25 lines! This discourse is finished up with the line ââ¬Å"I am not what I am.â⬠By having this in the absolute first scene, Shakespeare recognizes to the crowd that misleading will be a key topic in the play and will repeat every now and again. The full degree of the misleading in the principal scene isn't uncovered until Act I, Scene 3, when Iago uncovers reality in his talk. Iago really expounds on how he is in certainty misleading Roderigo into giving him cash to by presents for Desdemona, an assistance Iago had not done and never expected to do. He proceeds to state that: ââ¬Å"Thus do I ever make my simpleton my tote; For I mine own insight should dishonor On the off chance that I would time use with such a kill Yet, for my game and profit.â⬠Iago straightforwardly concedes that he has been deluding Roderigo for cash and for amusement. This gives the primary scene more prominent importance while at the same time uncovering Iago as a genuine extortion to the aud... Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-69751373642701310392020-08-21T20:14:00.001-07:002020-08-21T20:14:28.890-07:00I Am A Frolicker free essay sampleWhat is your preferred word, and why? I am a frolicker. To skip is my generally most loved of past-times. On the off chance that you are inexperienced with the general strategies for skipping, I will edify you. As I would like to think, the most prime area to skip is in a glade. Try not to fear if knolls are hard to find however, the area isn't basic. Presently, accepting a glade has been found, to accomplish the most extreme impact, shoes must be evacuated. At that point a figurative, and incidentally strict, letting down of hair must initiate. Now the cheer may start. I dread I have overlooked the most significant perspective! Skipping is very troublesome when alone. Allies are quite often important. Presently, you are presumably pondering something like ââ¬Å"soI have a companion, we are in some irregular field without shoes or hair tiesâ⬠¦what now?â⬠That is a great inquiry; additionally one that I can't reply. We will compose a custom article test on I Am A Frolicker or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is difficult to teach the really skipping. The most essential head of skipping is suddenness. You chuckle, move, run, cavort, and make the most of your companion(s) in a general condition of energy. I do give one alert. You should not skip continually. One doesn't have to skip unendingly to receive its full benefit. The capacity to skip is whatââ¬â¢s significant. Relinquishing concerns and getting a charge out of life is important. No different, we have assignments, obligations, and genuine business to take care of. In this way, go, live your live, be profitable. Be that as it may, donââ¬â¢t overlook, a continuous portion of skipping improves wellbeing and by and large satisfaction. Appreciate! Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-11199857472131750332020-08-04T00:27:00.001-07:002020-08-04T00:27:18.492-07:00Corporate Tax Basics Corporate Tax Basics Many people throughout history have uttered the saying âNothing is certain but death and taxesâ, with the first recorded attribution often given to Daniel Defoe. This fatalistic idiom is quite good in highlighting the inevitability of taxes and how it is crucial individuals and businesses know as much as possible about specific tax codes to secure their finances.For businesses, one of the most important taxes to understand is the corporate tax. This guide will help you understand the basics of corporate tax, as well as explain a bit about how the tax is imposed in different countries. © Shutterstock.com | Creativa ImagesIn this article, you will learn 1) what corporate tax is, 2) what is taxed under corporate tax, 3) whether there are tax deductions available for corporations, 4) filing tax returns, and 5) corporate tax in different countries.WHAT IS CORPORATE TAX?Corporate tax is a country specific tax, often known as either corporation tax or company tax. It is a levy placed on the income of the firm, with different rates often in place for different levels of income.Youâll often see a corporate tax imposed on the income or the capital of the corporation. This could, for example, be the profit the company makes after operating costs.As mentioned above, each country often sets its own corporate tax rates and the tax is generally imposed on corporations that do business in the country. The rates across the world can vary greatly.The definition of a corporationIn order to understand corporate tax, youâll also need to understand the definition of corporation. I n general, corporation is a legal entity, which is separate from the owners. Corporations have rights and responsibilities, just like an individual does.Some of these rights and responsibilities include the right to create contracts, to borrow as well as loan money, to hire employees, to own assets and the legal right to be sued and to sue. Among these responsibilities is the necessity to pay tax.Corporations are set up by individuals and there are different types of corporations. While a corporation isnât required to be a for-profit corporation, most corporations are set up with the aim of creating profit and returns for shareholders. The history of corporate tax developmentThe history of taxation is almost as old as the human society. Ancient civilisations used the basic principles of taxation thousands of years ago. In fact, the earliest known tax records date to six thousand years B.C., to the region of the modern day Iraq.Different societies used their own tax policies and di fferent systems began developing. Taxation also ended up causing trouble between different factions and later nations.When it comes to corporations, the income was typically taxed similar to income tax of individuals. People simply paid taxes on the money they made and businesses often had to pay tax on goods.As businesses and the law and regulations around them became more sophisticated, the focus on fine-tuning the way corporate income is taxed became a bigger issue. While each country has different corporate tax basics, many have used the similar model honed in the US and the UK.The US was known for its limited taxation, with the first federal income tax being enacted in 1861. After a long debate and changes in legislation, the Congress enacted an excise tax on corporations in 1909. The corporate tax, along with the rates, has been evolving ever since.In the UK, corporations were subject to income tax on the profits, similarly to individuals. It wasnât until 1965 that the gover nment created the current Corporation Tax, which helped clarify how corporations pay tax and on what profits.WHAT IS TAXED UNDER CORPORATE TAX?Corporate tax is typically mainly imposed on income, but it is possible to tax other assets the corporation has in its use. In many instances, taxes are also imposed on property, as well as the existence of other similar assets and the equity structure of the corporation.What falls under the tax depends on local legislation and some differences may arise depending on the type of corporation in question.The following is a set of the most common parts of corporate tax.Corporate incomeAs said previously, income is the main proponent of corporate tax. Income is taxed at varying rates across the world, with the rate always being different to individual income tax. You can find some of the corporate income tax rates further down in the guide.In most countries, the corporate income is defined as all gross income. This means taking the sales of servi ce and goods and deducting the cost of production as well as any income that might be tax exempt under the law. The remaining amount is then taxed according to the tax rate.In a multinational world, corporations can have income coming in from different countries. How countries tackle this worldwide income is different for each country.In most instances, resident corporations, i.e. corporations that have their main residency in a specific country, are taxed on the worldwide income. A corporation that is non-resident will only have to pay corporate tax on the income they make in the country of operation. Again, there are country differences to this rule.DividendsCorporations typically end up paying part of their income and earnings back to shareholders. This distribution of earnings is known as paying dividends. Dividends are also taxable income, although they typically attract a lower rate for corporate income tax.It is important to note that dividends are not only paid to individual s, but can also be provided to corporations. Therefore, the dividends a corporation receive will be subject to tax.Other distribution of wealthCorporations might also distribute some of their wealth through other means. These could include different provisions of assets or the transfer of equity or capital to new assets on behalf of the person. These are typically taxed under other unique tax rules.Transfer pricingAlthough transfer pricing is not directly related to corporate tax, it has an effect on what amount the corporations might end up paying. Transfer pricing refers to the prices the corporations apply for the goods, services or the use of property.Therefore, it can relate to the total income the company makes both in domestic and international level. The tax authorities often set guidelines on transfer pricing to ensure the tax authorities are aware of changes companies might make.Other alternative tax basesSometimes countries also impose alternative tax computations on corp orations. These taxes are typically involved with the assets, capital payments and wages. These will have an alternative tax rate and function, depending on the country.Foreign branchesAs mentioned briefly above, corporations can be taxed on both the income they make in a specific country or based on global income. In most instances, domestic corporations are taxed differently to foreign corporations.While there isnât any international law that would limit a countryâs ability to tax residents, whether individuals or entities, there can be other limitations. In most cases, international and country specific treaties bring these about.Treaties are typically designed to do two functions. First, they protect a countryâs right to tax a company doing business within its borders. Second, they protect a corporation from having to pay tax on their income twice, both in their original country as well the country where they do business.How corporations are taxed depends greatly on their setup. Branches and sister companies might be treated differently to foreign companies and so on.ARE THERE TAX DEDUCTIONS AVAILABLE FOR CORPORATIONS?Just like individuals are able to deduct certain payments from their income tax expenses, corporations also have tax deductions available for them. These vary from country to country, but most countries do offer some types of tax deductions.The tax deductions available for corporations often fall under three separate categories: tax exemptions, interest deductions and losses.Tax exemptionsTax exemptions are always non-taxable and wonât need to be claimed back, as they are removed from the income tax calculation at the point of filing.When it comes to corporate tax exemption, income and costs generated by certain transactions are often non-taxable. For instance, the formation of a corporation will in many countries be tax-exempt event. Furthermore, acquisitions and re-organisation of a business is typically a tax-exempt event.Interest deductionsCorporations might also be able to deduct certain interest payments from the tax. For example, corporations are generally able to deduct interest expenses generated by trading activities. Certain bank loans might also provide the option for interest payment deductions.There are often country-specific limits on interest deductions. Certain interest payments might be, for example, deductible if made to shareholders, while be subject to tax if paid to the corporation itself.LossesWhen a corporation makes a loss, many jurisdictions allow them to deduct part or all of these losses. This is unique to corporations, as individuals arenât able to deduct losses from taxation.Losses available for deduction are also involved with machinery, equipment and other such corporate assets. In most instances, corporations arenât able to deduct losses against a previous yearâs income. Many countries also have strict time limitations as to when losses can be deducted.FILING TAX RETURNSMos t countries use a similar system for collecting taxes. The system requires individuals and corporations to file their tax returns and make the payments according to the rules set by the tax authorities.Typical filing systemsMost often, the system requires corporations to file an annual corporate tax return. There are two different ways the return might be filed:Through a self-assessment method, where the corporation sends its own tax assessment to the tax authorities.By returning the tax administration pre-filed form, where the authority has calculated the tax based on some pre-filed information and the corporation has to make sure the information is correct.In many systems, the tax returns must be somehow certified. This often means using an authorised accountant and in the case of big corporations, the companyâs own auditors.The difficulty of the filing system depends quite a bit on the countryâs legislation. Some tax return systems are straightforward, while others can be ext remely complex. The complexity can also depend on the nature of the business.Furthermore, the technological revolution has changed the way corporations, as well as individuals, need to file their taxes. Most countries are slowly moving to technology-based filing, where the majority of the return forms can be filed online.For many countries, the system still operates both electronic and paper return systems. Corporations are often able to choose between the two, although electronic forms are becoming increasingly common.Different taxation periodsCorporate tax is generally paid on an annual basis. Some of the other taxes imposed on corporations can sometimes be paid quarterly or even monthly. The taxation periods depend on the countryâs legislation and in some instances on the size of the corporation.Furthermore, it is good to note that tax year is not the same as a calendar year. This said, some countries might apply calendar year as the tax year, but exemptions are more often the case. For example, in the UK the tax year runs from April to April.The taxes are often paid in retrospect and not in advance.Who needs to file?As mentioned above, corporate tax return often requires some sort of official certification. In many instances, this can mean that an account will go through the corporate tax return before sending it to the authorities.The right procedure, as well as the right tax payments, depends on the structure of the corporation as well as the type of corporation in question.CORPORATE TAX IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIESThe guide should have made it clear that the final, detailed structure of corporate tax depends on the specific country in question. As an example of corporate tax and the differences between countries, here is a short introduction to some of the systems in use in the bigger countries.The USCorporations in the US is taxed at the same rate depending on the type of income the corporation makes. But different rates might be applied based on the incom e level of the corporation and the size of the corporation. There are also some federal differences in some states.The US system is quite a complex one and the filing requires several forms, both for the basic tax return as well as any possible exemptions.When it comes to foreign and domestic companies, the US taxes resident corporations based on worldwide income. Non-resident corporations must only pay income tax to the US, based on the income generated in the country.The UKThe UK corporate tax shares many similarities with the US, although there is only one rate used in the UK. Like the US, the UK applies corporate tax on worldwide income for corporations that are based in the UK. If the corporation has a branch in the country, they are only subject to pay tax on the income they generate in the UK.Corporate tax in the UK is calculated on what the company makes from:Doing businessInvestmentsSelling assets for profitChinaChinaâs tax system can seem quite different and itâs hard to navigate through as a foreign business. Nonetheless, in its most basic, the corporate tax system treats domestic and foreign companies in a similar manner to the UK and the US.Interestingly in China, the payments are made quarterly and based on estimation payments. Furthermore, the corporation will then file their annual tax return. If they have made excess payments during the year, they can use them to offset the annual instalments.Corporate tax havensIt is all worth to mention that some countries in the world do not impose any corporate tax on any type of income. These so-called âtax havensâ often have many multinational companies place their residence in the country in order to avoid or pay lower taxes.Some of the countries with no corporate tax include:BahamasBahrainBermudaCayman IslandsGuernseyIsle of ManCorporate tax rate examples from around the worldFinally, here are some of the current corporate tax rates in different countries around the world. The rates are provide d by KPMG, the international services company specialised in taxation.Argentina35Australia30Brazil34Canada26.5Cayman Islands0China25France33.33Germany29.65Hong Kong SAR16.5India34.61Israel26.5Japan33.06Macau12Malaysia25Mexico30New Zealand28Russia20Saudi Arabia20Turkey20United Kingdom20United States40Although there are some countries that impose no corporate tax, the global average rate falls to around 23.68%. The highest regional average is in North America, with 33.25%, and the lowest in Europe, with 20.24%.CONCLUSIONCorporate tax has evolved over time and in a way has become more complex. The basic principles are generally the same around the world, but the finer details and the ways corporations must file and pay taxes can change a lot from one country to another.International tax treaties have removed some issues over corporate taxation, but different country rates have resulted in companies planning carefully where they set up. Tax planning is important for companies who want t o make sure they arenât financially worse off and understanding corporate tax basics is an essential tool in making sure a business succeeds. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-62135889738867772682020-06-28T12:55:00.001-07:002020-06-28T12:55:01.922-07:00How Many B-School Grads Go Into Consulting Entrepreneurship is the sexy post-MBA job, but the reality is that less than 5% of grads from top MBA programs start a business at graduation. Per GMACââ¬â¢s just released Prospective Students Survey Report, 34% of all graduate business students seek consulting positions after they earn their degree. My suspicion is that the figure is even higher among full-time MBA candidates. True, many will work as consultants for a few years, and then down the road start their own business. If you are in that vast mass of MBA wannabes planning/hoping for a job in consulting immediately after you earn your degree, this ranking is for you! Weââ¬â¢ve examined US Newsââ¬â¢ top MBA programs and the number of grads who have gone into consulting from each one. (The data here is from U.S. News.) The biggest surprise is how low Stanford places on these lists. I would attribute that low ranking to the relatively high percentageà of MBAs going into entrepreneurship (approximately 18%, the highest of any of these programs by far.). à Yales placement as #1à in percentage as well as Duke Fuquas, CMU Teppers and Emorys as respectively #2,#6 and #8 on the percentage list also indicate real strength in consulting placement, which sometimes isnt recognized. Similarly Whartons #1 placement and Chicago Booths #4 spot in total numbers call into question the meme that these two programs are just finance powerhouses. Certainly a high ranking in either of these lists indicates that the program has the recruiting ties, placement track record, and alumni network, as well as the curriculum, to support your consulting goals. à However, these numbers dontà tell the full picture. Dig into the schoolsââ¬â¢ class profile, placement stats, curriculum, extra-curricular activities and opportunities to determine which schools to apply to. Ultimately you want to apply to programs that will take you where you want to go and that are likely to admit you. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '6f59af66-a942-476e-a35a-feafe5c6a5c2'); By Linda Abraham, president and founder of Accepted.com and co-author of the new, definitive book on MBA admissions, MBA Admission for Smarties: The No-Nonsense Guide to Acceptance at Top Business Schools. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-17195257606998633872020-05-23T03:48:00.001-07:002020-05-23T03:48:02.969-07:00Asian American Identity Development Model - 886 Words RCIDM and Multiculturalism Having knowledge of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model will help counselors to become more culturally competent. Although we know these phases, one must be aware of the cultures that counselors will be working with and how oneââ¬â¢s beliefs can hinder the process. The five stages of the Asian-American Identity Development Model, developed by Sue and Sue, are: The ethnic awareness stage, White identification stage, the awakening to the social political consciousness stage, redirection stage, and the incorporation stage. Asian-Americans prefer crisis-oriented, brief, and solution oriented approaches, and they are influenced by their families and culture. The fear of losing face to their peers by seeking therapy will lead them to early termination of therapy. Asian cultures are typically high context cultures in which gesture, body language, eye contact, pitch, intonation, word stress, and the use of silence are as important as the actual words being spoken in convers ation. Asians are typically polite in social encounters whereas Americans, being very low context communicators, are comfortable with very direct questions and answers and often seem abrupt to people from high context cultures. The five stages of the Black Identity Development Model, originally developed by Cross, are: The pre-encounter stage, encounter stage, immersion-emersion, internalization, and internalization-commitment. African-Americans will diminish counseling,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Racial Cultural Identity Developement Model1576 Words à |à 7 PagesRunning head: RACIAL/ CUTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model Ericka Ashe-Lane Troy University One of the most promising approaches to the field of multicultural counseling/therapy has been the work on racial/cultural identity development among minority groups. This model acknowledges within groups differences that haveRead MoreRace and Culture in the Literary Work of Wendy Chang and Junot Diaz1718 Words à |à 7 Pagesfaced by individuals that donââ¬â¢t fit the ââ¬Å"model minorityâ⬠. Legal and cultural borders have been erected and have forced some in and many out of the American ideal. Wendy Chang and Junot Diazââ¬â¢s work delineate the ways in which race and culture play a role in assessing and shaping American identity through the development of a hybrid culture, the institution of homeownership and the ultimately the practice of polyculturalism. In attempts to solidify a sole American entity, there are various cultural andRead MoreRacism, Religion, and Family1549 Words à |à 6 PagesI can see a valid point in this definition. All three concepts help create the characteristics of individual cultures and define what types of behaviors are acceptable or taboo within these particular societies. Patterns of Interaction Chart Model Facts Examples Pluralism and Multiculturalism In Pluralism, individuals are treated as equals in a common (neutral) public sphere, (Feinberg 1996). In Multiculturalism, the public space is a meeting point where different cultures collide andRead MoreEarly Generation Vietnamese Americans : An Investigation On Attitudes1749 Words à |à 7 PagesHeritage Language Maintenance in Second-Generation Vietnamese Americans: an Investigation on Attitudes Chi Phan ERE220 Spring 2017 California State University, Fresno Lità ¬erature review This study investigates the attitudes of second-generation Vietnamese Americans towards Vietnamese language maintenance. The purpose of this literature review is (1) to describe the theoretical framework of the study and (2) to analyze and summarize current research on the problem of practice. In terms of the theoreticalRead MoreRacism In Racism1248 Words à |à 5 Pagesagainst Asians is increasing in American society. This trend is happening more often over the last decade. Yet, only a handful reports have documented the situation. Largely, this is due to the influence of the media. Years of perpetuating Asian Americans stable and academically-driven communities restrain them from speaking up and overshadow their experiences. The longer the perpetuation of these images, the more powerless and the more isolated from the mainstream society Asian Americans become.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Samir Moussa 1168 Words à |à 5 PagesSamir Moussa It appears to me after reading Samirââ¬â¢s story that his cultural identity was forged out of three distinct cultures, Lebanese from his fatherââ¬â¢s side, Columbian from his motherââ¬â¢s side, and American being born and raised in Washington, DC. (Uopeopleedu, 2016) In contrast to Samir, my cultural identity was forged out of a single culture, being born and raised in London by my British parents. While Samir considers himself extremely fortunate to have been culturally influenced by his visitsRead MoreRace, Class, And Gender Roles Essay1645 Words à |à 7 Pages Oneââ¬â¢s identity has the ability to play a central role in oneââ¬â¢s schooling experience and in return, affect the way they perceive the world around them. Growing up in an Asian household located in a predominately Asian American neighborhood located in the San Gabriel Valley, I always identified myself strongly to my race and took pride in being a first generation Asian American child. Race has definitely affected my schooling experience in many different ways, both positively and negatively. In additionRead MoreRacial Identity And Development : A Construction Of Social Aspects1886 Words à |à 8 Pages Racial Identity and Development Race is a construction of social aspects that refers to individuals and groups that contain certain characteristics (Cornell). Races are identified differently in societies over a given amount of time; an example would be, ââ¬Å"that one time racial classifications were based on ethnicity or nationality, religion, or minority language groups. Today, by contrast, society classifies people into different races primarily based on skin colorâ⬠(Cornell). Ethnic and racialRead MoreSupport Group For East Asian Students1343 Words à |à 6 Pages Support Group for East and South East Asian Students in Counseling Program Ya-Chen Tsai University of North Texas ââ¬Æ' Support Group for East and South East Asian Students in Counseling Program According to U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.), East and Southeast Asian Americans is largely a result of the huge influx of immigrants from Asia, it stood at nearly ten million of the total U.S. population and nearly seven out of ten Asian Americans were born in Asia. One out of ten people living in the UnitedRead MoreIdentity and Destruction: Asian American in The Namesake by Mira Nairs Film1832 Words à |à 8 Pagescause cultural and identity issues. The collision of the two cultures forms a process of trying to construct an identity and a destruction of an ethnic identity, with different factors to consider such as space and other sociocultural codes. This film about the Indian American also shows the concept of model-minority image, standards and expectations imposed to Asian Americans. The Namesake embodies the cultural and identity issues of an Asian American, particularly the Indian Americans, exemplifying Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-66457821200681714632020-05-19T00:53:00.001-07:002020-05-19T00:53:09.223-07:00Management of Resources Within the Public Sector - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2727 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Report Level High school Did you like this example? Management of Resources within the Public Sector Table of Contents Executive Summary 1.Introduction 2.Results 2.1 NHS Spending 2.2 Spending Review 2010 2.2.1 Table 1: Department of Health Spending Review 2010 2.2.2 Efficiency Savings 2.3 Health and Social Care Act 2012 2.4 Funding Freeze 3.Discussion 4.Conclusion 5.References Bibliography 6.Appendices 6.1 Table 1 Department of Health Spending Review 2010 6.2 Recommendations Executive Summary Since the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Comprehensive Spending Reviewà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ in 2010 the National Health Service (NHS) has experienced significant budgetary constraints. Whilst the UK Government has protected the NHS budget, it is still the tightest funding settlements the NHS has ever experienced. Demand is growing rapidly as the population ages and long-term conditions become more common. Along with more sophisticated and expensive treatment options are becoming available and the cost of medicines is growing by over Ãâà £600m per year. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management of Resources Within the Public Sector" essay for you Create order The NHS must take decisive steps to remove the barriers in how patient care is provided between hospitals, physical and mental health along with social care. The NHS could save up to Ãâà £466m a year if doctors were less likely to prescribe multiple treatments of drugs to older people. Target resources on clinical interventions that optimise health outcomes and to identify procedures that can be made more efficient. The NHS could obtain over Ãâà £2bn over the next five years by selling off surplus land and buildings, according the Department of Health. 1. Introduction This report identifies the decisions made by the British Government to reduce its National Deficit and how this will affect its Public Services. Every finical year the UK runs up a large budget deficit. This is where the UK Government spends more money than it can collect through taxation. In 2010 the UK Coalition Government set out plans for its unavoidable deficit reduction. This was an urgent priority to secure the UKà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s economic stability at a time of uncertainty in the global economy. This was to provide long term stability in its public services and its welfare Systems. According to a report published the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Spending Reviewà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ (HM Treasury, 2010) the Coalition Government inherited one of the most ambitious and challenging fiscal positions in the world. The (Office of National Statistics, 2014) (ONS) commented that, Britainà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s deficit was at its highest ever recorded in peacetime history. The state borrowed one whole p ound for every four pounds that it spent. The interest payments on UKà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢S National Debt cost the UK around Ãâà £45 Billion a year or 3% of à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Gross Domestic Productà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ (GDP). However, all the major political parties pledged to protect the National Health Service (NHS) from budget cuts in 2010, after a period of unprecedented growth there was a implementation of a à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"funding freezeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ in 2011 (House of Commons, 2010). This would be the most austere period for the NHS in over thirty years. Even with this constant funding, the rising demands from an ageing population, along with higher public expectations, meant that there was a substantial à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"funding gapà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ to be met by improvements in productivity and efficiency. Efficiency savings are still needed. (Farrar, 2013), the chief executive of the NHS Confederation, commented on the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Spending Roundà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢: A lthough the health budget has been spared a reduction, it is important to remember that NHS organisations are facing significant pressures to meet growing demand and improve quality, and still need to find substantial efficiency savings. He also mentioned that: Maintaining the ring-fence for the NHS is vital, but it is also important that the health service gets to spend what is allocated to ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã Therefore, long-term investment and innovation in healthcare must be seen as a key function of the UKà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s growth strategy and not an anchor holding it down. 2. Results 2.1 NHS Spending Funding for the NHS comes directly from taxation and is granted to the Department of Health by Parliament. When the NHS was created in 1948, it had a budget of Ãâà £437 million (around Ãâà £9bn in current value). NHS spending has continued to increase significantly, in 2003/04 the NHS budget was Ãâà £64.173bn and this drastically increased to Ãâà £109.72bn in 2013/14. Statistics show that Net expenditure of the NHS has increased by Ãâà £45.54bn between the years 2003 and 2013. Government Statistics on public spending show that NHS spending increased from Ãâà £104.405bn in 2011/12 to Ãâà £105.254bn in 2012/13. This amounts to a 0.8% rise in real terms year-on-year. In 2011/12 health spending was 0.3% higher than the previous year. In recent years, the NHS has managed to spend slightly under budget. This was not because demand for its services was reduced, but because of the use of effective mechanisms in place not to spend. Public satisfaction within t he NHS, for its staff and for its quality of care received still continues to remain very strong (Dixon, 2014). All of this has been achieved while applying a significant reform programme following the Health and Social Care Act 2012. 2.2 Spending Review 2010 In agreement with the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s commitment to protect public health, spending in the NHS will increase by 0.4% in real terms over the course of the Spending Review period. This will include a 1.3% increase in the resource budget and a 17% decrease in overall capital spending. The administration budget will also be reduced by 33% and reinvested to support the delivery of NHS services. 2.2.1 Table 1: Department of Health Spending Review 2010 Sourced: (Department of Health , 2010) The health reform enabled the NHS to maintain the quality of services to patients. This settlement also included: Real term increases in overall NHS funding in each year to meet the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s commitment to protect public health spending, with total spending growing by 0.4% over the Spending Review period (see table 1). An additional Ãâà £1bn a year for social care, as part of an overall Ãâà £2bn a year of additional funding to support social care by 2014/15. New cancer drug fund of up to Ãâà £200m a year. Expanding Increasing access to psychological therapies Maintain funding for priority hospital schemes. Capital spending to remain higher in real terms than it has been on average over the last three Spending Review periods. 2.2.2 Efficiency Savings To sustain the rising costs of healthcare and the relentless increasing demand on its services, the NHS released up to Ãâà £20bn of annual efficiency savings over the recent four years, all of which was reinvested to meet rising levels of demand and to support the improvements in. This included: Constantly improving workforce productivity. Implementing best practice throughout the NHS in the management of long term condition. Reducing inconsistencies in admissions and outpatient appointments. A 33% cut in the administration budget, including a reduction in the number of armà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s length bodies from 18 to a maximum of 10 by the end of 2014. 2.3 Health and Social Care Act 2012 A fundamental part of the Government reforms, was the Health and Social Care Act 2012 introduced substantial changes to the way in which NHS in England was organised, improvements in the quality of social care and reform its funding. The Health and Social Care Act introduced a variety of vital changes to the NHS in England. These changes came into force on 1 April 2013 (Parliment , 2013). These changes included: Providing groups of GP practices and other professionals, known Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) real budgets to buy care on behalf of their local communities. Moving many responsibilities historically located in the Department of Health to a new, politically independent NHS Commissioning Board (NHS England). Implementation of a health specific economic regulator with a mandate to guard against anti-competitive practices. Relocating all NHS trusts to foundation trust status. 2.4 Funding Freeze Recent years have been extremely challenging for the NHS, a prolonged funding freeze in real terms, implementation of controversial reforms and the mistreatment of it users and the quality of care, in particular from the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust (Robert, Francis. QC, 2013) . This NHS funding freeze will remain in place until 2015 and possibly further beyond. Regardless of the real term increase that is usually required to deal with the rising demand and the lack new treatments not readily being available. However, in 2011, the NHS has surprisingly succeeded to survive within its means, essentially as a result of curbing the wage bill. However, this may be difficult to continue because of rise in wages in the private sector. Meanwhile, there is a lot of engagement across the NHS to increase efficiency whilst protecting the quality of care (Dixon, 2014). 3. Discussion Since the implantation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, the NHS has grown to become the worldà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s largest publicly funded health service. It has also become one of the most efficient and comprehensive health services. The NHS was created out of a long-held ideal that good healthcare should be readily available to all, regardless of wealth. This is still a fundamental principle that remains at the NHS core. With the exception of some charges such as prescriptions and dental services, the NHS remains free to any UK resident. There are currently more than 63.2m people requiring this service. It covers everything from routine treatments, to transplants, emergency treatments and end-of-life care (NHS England, 2014). The NHS deals with over 1 million patients every 36 hours. The healthcare system is facing the challenge of significant financial pressures. As individual needs for services will continue to grow faster than the funding ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s al located. Therefore the Department of Health must innovate and transform the way in which they deliver their high quality services, within the resources available. To ensure that patientà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s needs, are always put first. The NHS has gone through several vital changes in recent years. Such as; Increased levels of investment and reduced waiting times. Ongoing developments include the expansion of patient choice and the introduction of academic health science centres (AHSCs), first of which is the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (NHS Trust, 2013). The UKà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s Government has identified a number of opportunities to cut costs in the NHS whilst protecting its frontline services. These include limiting its staffs pay and pensions, cutting back office management, the selling of assets, rationalising procurement and drugs purchasing. There are numerous discussions about value for money in the NHS (House of Commons, 2010). The Secretary Of State Jeremy Hunt (MP) (Department of Health , 2014) has overall responsibility for the function of the Department of Health (DH). According to Hunt the NHS must save up to Ãâà £10bn a year by 2020 by diminishing its use of agency staff and management consultants, selling off unused property and reducing clinical mistakes, the health commented: à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âIf we are to be truly financially sustainable we need to rethink how we spend money in a much more fundamental way.à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã A report published by Hunt the NHS Englandà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s blueprint for the health service (National Health Executive , 2014), which identified the need for a greater use of technology and innovation to improve patient healthcare in the NHS whilst delivering cost savings the public sector. These reductions in the annual budget of Ãâà £110bn will be assisted by an increase in innovation, according to Hunt. The health secretary also commented that a reduction in prescription errors could save the NHS up to Ãâà £551m a year, whilst selling off some of the NHS unused land and buildings could create significant savings, including Ãâà £1.5bn in London alone. Targeting agency staffing bills which have significantly increase from Ãâà £1bn to almost Ãâà £2.5bn. Guidelines set out in the report à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Everyone Counts: Planning for Patients 2014/15 to 2018/19à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ illustrate how the NHS budget is invested, to drive continuous improvement, to maintain high standards of care for all. The NHS is driven by quality in all that they do. It can no longer accept a minimum standard of care as acceptable. According to the Chief Nursing Officer for England Jane Cummings, practical application of technology on the front line will enable NHS nurses and other health workers to concentrate on what is important, providing meaningful and compassionate care to its patients (NHS England, 2014). Becoming more efficient with data and technology could have the potentia l to create a substantial difference to patients, whilst enabling best value for taxpayers. 4. Conclusion The Ãâà £10bn of savings announced by Jeremy Hunt are realistic, however it will take up to five years to deliver these savings. It is imperative that the debate starts now and the NHS needs to look at where efficiency savings can be made, and to focus on clinical care and not just the back office jobs. The big question is whether these efficiencies can be made soon enough to reduce the requirement of unpopular cuts to health services. The NHS needs to ensure that accesses to all of its services are on an equal footing whether the patientà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s needs are mental or physical. They must innovate the way they in which they provide care for the most vulnerable users excluded from society. However, high quality is not just an aspiration. There is urgency to plan strategically and to start making these changes that are required to deliver models of care that will be sustainable in the longer term. Therefore, the discussion remains about how the NHS will cope with a contin ued freeze on its overall funding. There is tension between national co-ordination and local decision making in the NHS about value for money. The NHS should try an implement a top-down best practice or it should let innovation and efficiency come from local decision making and accountability, with an acceptance of locally diverse provision. 5. References Bibliography Department for Health , 2014. Everyone Counts: Planning For Patients 2014/15 to 2018/19, London : NHS England . Department of Health , 2010. Spending Review 2010. [Online] Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/mediacentre/pressreleases/dh_120676 [Accessed 6 November 2014]. Department of Health , 2014. Secretary of State for Health, London : Department of Health . Dixon, J., 2014. How much longer can the NHS live within its means?. Guardian Professional, 1(1), pp. 01-02. Farrar, M., 2013. NHS Confederation and NHS Employers comment on the Comprehensive Spending Review, London: NHS Confederation . HM Treasury, 2010. SPENDING REVIEW 2010, London: Her Majestyà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s Stationery Office. House of Commons, 2010. Key Issues for the New Parliament 2010, London: House of Commons Library Research. Imperial College Healthcare, 2014. About the NHS. [Online] Available at: https://www.imperial.nhs.uk/nhs60/about_the_NHS/inde x.htm [Accessed 5 Novemeber 2014]. John Appleby, J. T. J. J., 2014. How is the NHS, London: Department of Health. National Health Executive , 2014. NHS Finance. Hunt calls on NHS to deliver Ãâà £10bn a year efficiency savings, 14 November, pp. 1-3. NHS England, 2014. About the National Health Service. [Online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/overview.aspx [Accessed 5 November 2014]. NHS England, 2014. Health and social care leaders set out plans to transform peopleà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s health and improve services using technology. News, 13 November , VII(10), pp. 1-4. NHS Trust, 2013. Spending Review 2013 à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" key points for the NHS, London : NHS . Office of National Statistics, 2014. EU Government Deficit and Debt, London: ONS. Parliment , 2013. Health and Social Care Act 2012, London : The Stationary Office. Robert, Francis. QC, 2013. Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry, Staff ordshire: The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. 6. Appendices 6.1 Table 1 Department of Health Spending Review 2010 Source: Department of Health , 2010. Spending Review 2010. [Online] Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/mediacentre/pressreleases/dh_120676 [Accessed 6 November 2014]. 6.2 Recommendations The NHS must take decisive steps to remove the barriers in how patient care is provided between hospitals, physical and mental health along with social care. The future of the NHS will need to provide greater care, delivered locally, but with some services provided by specialist centres. This should be organised to support people with multiple health conditions. The NHS wastes around Ãâà £2bn a year and risk patientà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s health by giving them excessive x-rays and treatments they do not require. The NHS could save up to Ãâà £466m a year if doctors were less likely to prescribe multiple treatments of drugs to older people. This can create adverse drug reactions, which account for 6% of all hospital admissions, which amounts to 4% of all hospital bed being used. With future restrictions on NHS funding, another recommendation is to try to target resources on clinical interventions that optimise health outcomes and to identify procedures that could be made more efficient. The Kingà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s Fund (John Appleby, 2014) has suggested money could be recovered by reducing the length of stay in hospitals and using lower cost drugs. The Department of Health estimates that nearly 8% of NHS land is underused, which could help to raise some Ãâà £2.5bn, equivalent to 50,000 nurses, between now and 2016.The Government has announced plans to sell off surplus land to boost health service funds. To modernise the NHS and to improve its efficiencies, the health service needs to be proactive and identify land that is no longer required or needed. This revenue raised from surplus land could be used to improve patient care. 1 Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-8878823591700727012020-05-11T13:36:00.001-07:002020-05-11T13:36:02.483-07:00Analysis Of Strategic Talent Management Architecture - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 909 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Many business gurus have based themselves on a comprehensive review of the scholarly and practitioner literatures, they have developed the Strategic Talent Management architecture. This framework consists of the following two major sources that influence an organizations performance effectiveness: (a) Leadership drivers and (b) Organizational enablers. Figure: The Strategic Talent Management Architecture Source: Korn and Ferry Institute 2009 Drivers are those factors that derive, clarify, motivate, and communicate (i.e., drive) the fundamental business of the corporation. There are two different leadership drivers vision and vigor. Organizational Enablers are those factors that provide structure, talent competencies, and execution in an organization. Organizational enablers include three key dimensions capability, architecture, and action. Finally, they identify two additional factors in their model. They call them company-wide Enterprise Accelerators, and they consist of Enterprise Alignment and Enterprise Agility. These latter two factors ensure that leadership drivers and organizational enablers mesh with the external and internal environments relevant to the company, as well as facilitate the adaptability of internal and examine its impact on the operations of an organization. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of Strategic Talent Management Architecture" essay for you Create order Leadership Drivers Leadership is a central variable in nearly every model. Senior leaders usually establish the organizations mission, identify target customers, determine the products and services delivered, hire the managers who execute plans, and create a shared vision that rallies stakeholders to drive toward shared objectives. In many ways, leaders are analogous to the prime mover of a machine. The model contains two dimensions within the Leadership Drivers factor: (a) Vision and (b) Vigor. Vision Vision represents the ability to effectively define the business and set its direction. Vision requires a high level of general business acumen, an ability to establish strong, effective governance for the organization, and the willingness and ability to shift course as required by the changing business conditions. Porter (2008) contended that understanding the forces that shape industry competition is the first key to developing strategy. Lichtenstein and Dade (2007) asserted that delivering the highest shareholder value comes through aligning the leaders vision to the goals and strategy, and that this process can be aided or hindered by the extent to which leaders understand each others needs and values. Crossan, Vera, and Nanjad (2008) proposed that leaders need to demonstrate a proactive stance in aligning strategy, the environment, and the organization under one vision. Montgomery (2008) emphasized the need for leaders to see strategy and vision as a dynamic process requiring ongoing monitoring and tweaking. Vigor Vigor represents the ability to drive the enterprise forward. It requires that leaders and employees possess an infectious passion for the business and strategy, unflagging energy and drive, and relentless, aggressive, and competitive spirit. For illustration, Kanji (2008) posited that the ability of leaders to drive the organization toward quality and excellence is the prime aspect of organizational effectiveness. Burke, Sims, Lazzara, and Salas (2007) also argued that a leaders ability to foster organizational effectiveness is the degree to which subordinates and co-workers trust the leader to get the job done. Paradoxically, effective leaders work to both engender predictability and order as well as to produce organizational change (Yukl Lepsinger, 2005). The use of language in the literature to describe the competitive characteristics of leaders reinforces the notion of vigor. The organizational Enablers Organizational enablers represent the talent, processes, and structures put in place by the leaders to achieve the business goals. This factor represents the key elements in the business machine that are driven by the prime mover leadership to deliver the organizations work output. The organizational enablers factor is comprised of three dimensions: Capability architecture, and Action. Capability Capability denotes the organizations capacity to empower it to achieve its strategic objectives. It represents the deep expertise in mission-critical competencies required by the organizations mission and unique value proposition. Capabilities in this sense are inherent to the organization, not simply the collective aggregate of individuals. According to scholars, capabilities influencing organizational effectiveness can include talent management systems (Bassi McMurrer, 2008), information technology (Batra, 2006), supply chain management (Carter Rogers, 2008), and research and development (Tirpak, Miller, Schwartz, Kashdan, 2007). Ulrich and Smallwood (2004) contended that organizational capabilities are derived (in part) from the manifested abilities of the companys employees. Architecture Architecture refers to the organizations hierarchical structure and organizing principles. It includes the structure and design that serves the organizations business model and unique value proposition. In their seminal work, Katz and Kahn (1978) challenged leaders to achieve effectiveness by moving beyond traditional, bureaucratic structures. Kim and Mauborgne (2009) emphasized the role strategy should play in shaping structure. Oftentimes, they noted, leaders are prone to allowing their organizations structure to be dictated by its environment rather than by strategy. Raisch (2008) also suggested that companies striving for profitable growth need an organizational design that balances mechanistic and organic structures. Many authors assert that organizational culture can be a source of competitive advantage if it is aligned with strategy (e.g., Sadri Lees, 2001). Action Action represents the organizations ability to develop, implement, and execute tactics that directly serve the strategic goals. Bossidy and Charan (2002) argued that the biggest obstacle to organizational effectiveness is the absence of execution. Mankins and Steele (2005) found that most of the executives they surveyed failed to deliver the financial performance forecasted in their long-range plans. These authors concluded that the gaps between strategy and performance often are not analyzed by typical organizational metrics. Finally, Higgins (2005) viewed execution as so critical that he added Strategic Performance to the McKinsey 7-Smodel to emphasize the effort needed to drive outcomes. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-34222551920615790902020-05-06T21:25:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:25:12.243-07:00Harlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem Essay Harlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem The short but inspirational poem Harlem by Langston Hughes addresses what happens to aspirations that are postponed or lost. The brief, mind provoking questions posed throughout the poem allow the readers to reflect--on the effects of delaying our dreams. In addition, the questions give indications about Hughes views on deferred dreams. Harlem is an open form poem. The poem consists of three stanzas that do not have a regular meter. To catch the readers attention, the writer made sure that specific words and questions stood out. As a result, the lengths of the lines vary and certain syllables are stressed in every line. The first line in the poem: is the longestâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The last line, Or does it explode? (11) is an example of a metaphor. The writer implies that a postponed dream--destroys, causes a violent or even disturbing emotional reaction. Langston Hughes was a successful African-American poet of the Harlem renaissance in the 20th century. Hughes had a simple and cultured writing style. Harlem is filled with rhythm, jazz, blues, imagery, and evokes vivid images within the mind. The poem focuses on what could happen to deferred dreams. Hughes aim is to make it clear that if you postpone your dreams you might not get another chance to attain it--so take those dreams and run. Each question associates with negative effects of deferred dreams. The imagery from the poem causes the reader to be pulled in by the writers words. The speaker opens the poem by questioning, What happens to a dream deferred? (1). This single line instantly gives the reader an idea of what the poem is about. The first question produces curiosity in the reader--makes the reader want to find the answer to the question. Does it dry up/like a raisin in the sun? (2-3). suggest that a postponed dream will eventually be forgotten or fizzled out. The image of a raisin stimulates the readers sight and taste senses. The dream is like a sweet grape which is fresh and new. If you set that grape aside (in hopes of coming back to it later) it most likely will be bitter, dried out, kaput, andShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Langston Hughes Poem Harlem1520 Words à |à 6 PagesPoems Harlem by Langston Hughes Thesis statement: Hughes wrote this when Jim Crow laws were still imposing an bitter segregated society in the South. 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He wrote song lyrics, essays, autobiographies and plays however, his multi-dimensional style of writing consistedRead MoreReoccurring Themes in the Work of Langston Hughes Essay1649 Words à |à 7 PagesLangston Hughes is an extremely successful and well known black writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (ââ¬Å"Langston Hughesâ⬠792). He is recognized for his poetry and like many other writers from the Harlem Renaissance, lived most of his life outside of Harlem (ââ¬Å"Langston Hughesâ⬠792). His personal experiences and opinions inspire his writing intricately. Unlike other writers of his time, Hughes expresses his discontent with black oppression and focuses on the hardships of his people. Hughesââ¬â¢Read MoreLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words à |à 4 Pagespublished, and circulated, analysis of the poem must take place. It unveils and discusses the themes, figures of speech, word placement, and flow of the piece, and A Dream Deferred, is no exception. In Langston Hughess poem, A Dream Deferred, the theme is that no really knows to dreams if they are not reached, and very realistic figures of speech help convey this idea; the poem can be surprisingly related to Mr. Hughess life through the subtitle and quotes from Langston himself. The meaning ofRead MoreLangston Hughes : A Modernist1222 Words à |à 5 PagesSappington 13 Apr. 2017 Langston Hughes: A Modernist Credited as being the most recognizable figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes played a vital role in the Modernist literary movement and the movement to revitalize African American culture in the early 20th century. Hughesââ¬â¢s poems reflect his personal struggle and the collective struggle of African Americans during this cultural revival. Langston Hughesââ¬â¢s life contained key influences on his work. As a child, Hughes witnessed a divorceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Weary Blues Essay1299 Words à |à 6 Pagesone of many Langston Hughesââ¬â¢s poetry during the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is a time in American history, in the cities where African Americans were concentrated like Harlem, many master pieces of art, music and literature were created. Blues was much enjoyed during the period; people listened to it and loved it. In the poem of The Weary Blues, people alive through music, and the strong power of music supported the suffering of the black people in that time period. The poem describesRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I, Too978 Words à |à 4 Pages Langston Hughes America, the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American. This is what everyone was told, what the Declaration of Independence states. But, Langston Hughes a black American poet in the Harlem Renaissance period saw the truth. Being an African American in the United States during the early 1900ââ¬â¢s was difficult. Many lived a life full of hardships; segregation, prejudice and economic hardships, viewed as second-class citizensRead MoreLangston Hughes Theme For English B845 Words à |à 4 PagesIn ââ¬Å"Theme for English Bâ⬠Langston Hughes dramatizes race and self-identity. Hughes is struggling to relate himself to his teacher and everyone around him, so he starts off by telling readers about his background such as his age and where he has lived. ââ¬Å"I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston- Salemâ⬠(2). Through the first stanza of the poem we know that Hughes is living through a time where race is a big issu e and not too many African American adolescents are in school like he is. He is learningRead MoreHarlem: a Dream Deferred1043 Words à |à 5 PagesHarlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skin Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-7056602278451049752020-05-06T11:25:00.001-07:002020-05-06T11:25:34.429-07:00The Culture Change After Wwi Free Essays They are no longer having the sense of patriotism, and a lot of them move aboard to taste the expatriate lifestyle. They are lost in this world, and they do not know what to do. The literatures at this time period really reflect the idea of being lost. We will write a custom essay sample on The Culture Change After Wwi or any similar topic only for you Order Now The writers called themselves the lost generation. ââ¬Å"The phrase was actually originated by the garage owner who repaired Steinââ¬â¢s which was a famous writer at that time car. When a young mechanic failed to repair the car In a way satisfactory to Stein the owner had shouted at him, ââ¬Å"You are all a generation Purdue. Stein, In telling Hemingway the story added, ââ¬ËThat Is what you are. Thatââ¬â¢s what you all areâ⬠¦ All of you young people who served In the war. You are a lost generation. â⬠The term became very popular after Hemingway public his novel ââ¬Å"the sun also riseâ⬠. Like Hemingway said â⬠I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice.. I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and he sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it. â⬠His book the sun also rises reflect the idea of expatriates and create the sense of lost. The main characters are mostly engage in heavily drinking. They work in the daytime, and drunk in the night time. They donââ¬â¢t think about their future, or they donââ¬â¢t know they do or do not have a future. There are a lot of famous writers belong to the lost generation Like F. Scott Fitzgerald, T. S Eliot, Gertrude Stein. In T. S Eliteââ¬â¢s poem the waste land, he constantly reminded the readers that there Is no future on this land, and this land Is a abandon land. Similarly, F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote In his novel the side of paradise that this generation â⬠Grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars ought, and all faiths in man shaken. â⬠The war helped the rise of the black culture. The new Negro movement or the nowadays so called Harlem Renaissance was a black culture movement. It started at Harlem, a section of New York City which gathered one hundred and fifty thousand African American. African-American writers and artists gave voice here challenging the structures of American racial oppression, and show the potential of the black culture to the world. The movement was stared at the end of WWW, and ended in the start of the great depression. WWW created a lot of Job opportunity in the north, and his led to the migration of black people from the south which was known as the Great Migration. The black people gathered together at place like Harlem to form their own black community. After the war, soldiers return from the front, and competing job with the black people. Racial riots broke out in the north. The increase the Harlem renaissance. A lot of writers and artist saw this culture movement as a opportunity of uplifting the black culture, and gained more right to the African American. However, some writers and artists saw this movement was Just an expression of their native culture. How to cite The Culture Change After Wwi, Papers Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-3591739037732008962020-05-06T05:15:00.001-07:002020-05-06T05:15:04.204-07:00Nursing for Leadership Model Witnessed - myassignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about theNursing for Leadership Model Witnessed. Answer: Approaches for Leadership Example of the Leadership Model Witnessed In a clinical setting, it becomes difficult to arrive at absolutely proper decisions if the subject has been sensitive for a while. Such situations are usually witnessed in the Department of Oncology. During clinical placements in the respective department, the manner, in which my senior registered nurses implemented a democratic style of leadership for effective care of their patients, could be identified. Their profiles as leaders in nursing team were authentic and they could effectively combine the interpersonal communication and planning to provide faster resolution to conflicts arising among cancer patients. In an Oncology Department, things are to be planned carefully through collective consultancy involving axillary nurses, technicians, doctors and radiologists prior to interaction with the patients who arrive at hospital. Specific Examples During the entire period of my stay at the healthcare environment, coordination was to be performed with Miss Phoebe who was the head of the nursing team for administering Chemotherapy. She was quite empathetic and fairly realized that things are dynamic when it comes to dealing with psychological disturbed patients and therefore she used to take each members advice before arriving at a decision regarding handling diversified patients. Description of the Approach Identification of the Leadership Approach As per my personal identification, it can certainly be opined that the kind of leadership approach she adopted was of democratic nature. She could prepare the entire team to deal with changes that are speculated in a nursing care for cancer. Things were not confined to the care only and the leadership model reflected within the education and research works also. I performed the exploration of management techniques from the initial phase of training itself to prepare myself professionally for similar situations in future (ONS, 2012). Explanation of its Key Features and Characteristics Democratic style of leadership is sometimes also termed as Participative leadership. There were various definitions framed for this particular kind of leadership seen among nurses. The definition changes as per the theories adhered to. Any effort to define a perfect model of democratic pattern is operationally inconsistent. Some of the key features in the pointed out leadership approaches are: Relatively Lesser Degree of Control over Subordinates than In case of Autocratic style when it comes to Work-Related Decisions Provision for Much Freedom for the Workplace Subordinates to Participate in Group Discussions. Emphasis on the Active Participation of the Group in Decision making Active Stimulation Among the Group During Participations and Discussions Collective Framing of Policies, Activities and Techniques that are required to cope with Any Kind of Tasks. Resemblance of the Leader as a Regular Member of the Group without Considerable Investment of Effort in the Work. Leaders Effort for Extension of Existing Knowledge and Competencies of the Team Members. Partial Resemblance of the Autocratic Behaviour in Highly-Specific Situations Where Accuracy is Critical Non-Directive Control over Members Actions and Bidirectional Flow of Communication (Neuss, et al 2013). From the past learning outcomes, it has been sufficiently understood that a democratic leader has high moral values in any kind of situation irrespective of gender perceptions and beliefs. Some argue that the democratic style of leadership is outweighed by the transformational one but the same might not be true. According to personal analysis, it can be revealed that the former do not result in low productivity rather the latter one may. The possible drawback can be the lengthy time consumed to decide over simple and short-termed executions. But the benefit leader brings among by encouraging volunteer efforts in its member far outweighs the drawbacks. A democratic leader notably demonstrates some desirable characteristics. He/she tends to be knowledgeable and stimulating and therefore can have high influence on the subordinates for accomplishing a task properly. Such leader observes winning in cooperation and often provides desirable consequences that are logical and situation-orient ed (Ray, et al 2012). Observation of Mentioned Key Features from the Clinical Practice The level of competencies and standards that Miss Phoebe demonstrated was commendable which are also required for effective administration of chemotherapy. Poor decision making skills while being in that setting can be impactful for any patient irrespective of his/her age or literacy factor. Chemotherapy can be costly and a patient might become extremely depressed post-realisation of any terminal illness. In such cases, Miss Phoebe has multiple times effectively demonstrated the participation of her patients and its family members for making medical decisions. During the clinical practice, it was observed that Miss Phoebe followed some preliminary procedures in case a patient refused treatment methods as prescribed by the doctor. Her procedure primarily reflected the effort to find out the cause for avoiding chemotherapies. This kind of situation truly indicates the sensitivity of a subject and therefore Miss Phoebe used to discuss with her team regarding the method of communication they were supposed to have with different patients. This implies a collective decision making and consultancy which are major characteristics of a democratic leader. A democratic leader is also participative in nature and the same was revealed when her intrapersonal skills were evaluated by colleagues and other healthcare professionals. She could build rapport with her patients with ease and thus succeeded in altering the medical decisions of her patients for positive health outcomes. This again implies that she is a democratic leader because of her active participation, which is a key characteristic of democratic leadership (Lanzoni, et al 2011). Self-Reflection Underlying Assumptions about the Suitable Role Carer, Patient and Health care Professional The cancer chemotherapy care that is being provided by both senior and junior registered nurses is assumed to be based on autonomously made decisions. It is an underlying assumption that all advocacies are performed in the best interest of the patient only and there is no medical obligation even if an illness has been evidently found to be terminal. In a technical aspect, chemotherapy is a person-centred approach as the nursing team and other care providers ensure that the patients maintain their optimism levels and stay psychologically and psychosocially stable. The underlying assumptions mentioned above are in context with the healthcare professionals. During the clinical practice with other senior nurses, it was learnt that testing of cell lines and studies related to animals act as determinants of efficacy and toxicity in anti-cancerous agents. Clinical trials still seem to be the only method for determining the same effect on humans. Thus it is assumed that patient plays the rol e of an experiment sample and new therapy are supposed to be adopted or brought into effect strictly only after multiple clinical researches. The underlying assumption in case of a clinical trial is that any clinical trial which is fairly conducted makes the agent worthy for testing. Other aspects are also considered practically like the population to be accessed, consideration of ethics while making nursing related decisions, competence level of fellow practitioners etc. The healthcare professionals have a big role to play as investigators. They are presumed to facilitate the implementation of study and adhere to such protocols that are designed for diagnosing the participants; in this case the participants are the patients that visit hospital premises for screening of cancer symptoms. For effectively operating within the clinical setting of an oncology department, there is strong need of some other operational assumptions. The definition of an Oncologist should not be generic but rather confined to such a physician who perceives the treatment of cancer patient as his/her primary responsibility. Such a domain of physician can include the surgeons, haematologists and the oncologists themselves. As Chemotherapy is strongly guided by scientific protocols, some aspects like eligibility criteria of patient, toxicity related modification of dose, informed consent and confidentiality of records are supposed to be concerning. Thus the nursing care can be moulded into a person-centred care with regards to the psychological sensitivity of patients in different age groups. The procedures for nursing care in Chemotherapy are compatible with the principles of person-centred care. Contribution towards Quality Health Care Multiple researches have been conducted in the past that evidently reveal that a person-centred care model can be more fruitful in the department of oncology to provide patients with holistic healthcare services. The principles of person-centred care can be incorporated into a comprehensive manner of cancer management program that might be on-going or is about to commence in future. By adopting PCC, the approach becomes integrative and therefore additional focus is given to the patients quality of life apart from the fundamental therapeutic regimens. According to Nandini et al (2011), a cancer management program which is based on principles of palliative care can enhance the patients who are usually in their terminal illness. The practice of Person-centred care is not recognised in a wider zone because of the already established medical training, culture and clinical practice that has ingrained into the socio fabric. Typically in institutions that are concerned with tertiary care of cancer-related illness, the needs and desires of patients are wrongly interpreted to be mere interventions that could modify any disease. The conventional system of relief against cancer symptoms is designed by means of a team of oncologists and palliative care specialists. A PCC-reflective oncology program would be highly interactive and help in holistic assessment of patients needs and concerns. PCC shall also make it possible to provide suitable and precise inputs from professionals hailing from multidisciplinary teams within the oncology departments. Moreover, the medical care for each patient will be a compassionate and a continued one. Subsequently the existing culture can also be altered to carry out systematic record processing and enhance the medical care services. Opportunities for Nurses who are Graduates The person-centred program will provide great opportunities for the graduate nurses to develop their leadership skills while conditioning them to operate in a practical setting. The graduate nurses will be working with the multidisciplinary teams associated with Oncological departments and they can perform networking with the prevailing healthcare service on a regular basis. This is obviously a part of the healthcare environment which is a big benefit for the nurses to practically implement their theoretical concepts gained over academic years. The group policy can also be enhanced through a PCC approach if each nurse performs focused interaction in a regular manner. This is because collaborative interaction among members is a crucial step towards building of an effective team. Person-centred approach can also assist graduate nurses in gaining an insight of patients needs and priorities. In-depth communication or subtle connections can bridge the level of trust a patient has on nurse s. The organisational reputation and regards for nurses can also rise among patients if the latter are provided with autonomy for medical decisions. Operational strategies shall help the graduate nurses to build their professional competence as a necessary factor for delivering holistic care. PCC-approach might help to achieve this if specific training activities are targeted towards the graduate nurses and if the same is incorporated into the existing program associated with oncological trainings. Contribution towards quality health care will certainly reflect within a short period if the attitudes and skills for palliative nursing are built up within the graduates. Precisely, that would be a gross building in the field capacity of those nurses. Person-centred care is usually followed by recruitment of a specialist who can rectify the common mistakes and turn the human assets to something more valuable (Kulig, et al 2016). Critical Evaluation of the Knowledge and Skills Gained and Development of Early Career Plan 1st person Aspiring Nursing Role Within the first 12 to 24 months of my professional career, I would certainly like to apply for the job role of a palliative nurse. This is because the chosen alternative opens more opportunities to refine my professional as well as personal skills. I will be operating in a practical setting along with a multi-disciplinary team that has high chances of providing me with extended areas of operations apart from my core competence. By performing informed and consistent interactions with healthcare professionals from various disciplines, my horizon will get widened and I shall become more dynamic than I am at a present stage. I can also contribute towards improvement in the policies and compliance procedure that are associated with regulation of quality in hospitals. Also, a PCC approach would help me to improve my rapport building abilities and I can connect with my patients in a holistic manner thereby establishing deeper level of connection with them. This is an indirect way to enhanc e my understanding of patients and their needs priorities without having them invest much. By working in a multi-specialized team, I can also efficiently stay uninfluenced from cases of incidents that are individual based and start building analytical mind for the wider solutions. Last but not the least, by practicing a Person-centred based delivery of nursing service, I can connect with people from diversified groups and my theoretical interpretations will not be limited as I shall be getting to interact with more subjects of interests. All these will definitely skyrocket my professional experiences as a nurse in different environment (Han, et al 2010). Two Factors Considerable for Transitioning to the New Role To be able to operate efficiently in the Palliative Unit, as a Graduate nurse it is important to consider 2 factors in a serious manner. As it is observed in the palliative unit that there is a dominant strength of such patients there are already suffering from poor physical and emotional outcomes. The indicators of service quality can be accessed if these patients are delivered with fast actions. It is equally important to gain a fair command over Hospice which is a highly customized palliative care for patients in their last phase of life or those in their terminal phase of illness. The two most considerable factors are as follows: The assessment of patients must be comprehensive when it comes to different dimensions including the physical status, the psychological conditions, belief systems, patients spirituality and his/her social interpretations. Even the Hospice needs to be a comprehensive one. The emotional needs should be additionally documented apart from a comprehensive assessment of overall dimensions of patient (Roth-Rochester, 2015). The screening procedures meant for diagnosing patients for symptoms should be as accurate as they can be. The screening is counted for issues pertaining to shortness of breath, vomiting nausea and pains in different parts of the body. Issues can be well documented only when the interpersonal skills of a palliative nurse are at par with the doctors with regards to understand the issues that have been verbally provided by a patient or subject. References Han, P.K. and Rayson, D., 2010. The coordination of primary and oncology specialty care at the end of life. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, 2010(40), pp.31-37. Kulig, J.C., Kilpatrick, K., Moffitt, P. and Zimmer, L., 2016. Rural and remote nursing practice: An updated documentary analysis. University of Northern British Columbia School of Nursing. Lanzoni, G.M.D.M. and Meirelles, B.H.S., 2011. Leadership of the nurse: an integrative literature review. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 19(3), pp.651-658. Nandini, V., Sridhar, C.N., Usharani, M.R., Kumar, J.P. and Salins, N., 2011. Incorporating person centred care principles into an ongoing comprehensive cancer management program: an experiential account. Indian journal of palliative care, 17(Suppl), p.S61. Neuss, M.N., Polovich, M., McNiff, K., Esper, P., Gilmore, T.R., LeFebvre, K.B., Schulmeister, L. and Jacobson, J.O., 2013. 2013 updated American Society of Clinical Oncology/Oncology Nursing Society chemotherapy administration safety standards including standards for the safe administration and management of oral chemotherapy. Journal of Oncology Practice, 9(2S), pp.5s-13s. Oncology Nurse Society, 2012. LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES. Retrieved 20 September 2017 from https://www.ons.org/sites/default/files/leadershipcomps.pdf Ray, S.A.R.B.A.P.R.I.Y.A. and Ray, I.A., 2012. Understanding Democratic Leadership: Some Key Issues And Perception With Reference To Indias Freedom Movement. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3.1), pp.1-26. Roth-Rochester, C., 2015. In palliative care, these 10 factors matter most. Retrieved 20 September 2017 from https://www.futurity.org/palliative-care-858232/ Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-57588836293700277602020-04-30T18:17:00.001-07:002020-04-30T18:17:03.656-07:00Transformational Leadership in Taiwans Transition free essay sample He once studied in Kyoto University when Taiwan was then part of Japan. After World War II, after the Republic of China (ROC) took over Taiwan, Lee enrolled in National Taiwan University and received his B. S. degree in agricultural science. He earned his M. S. degree in agricultural economics from the Iowa State University, and a Ph. D. in agricultural economics from Cornell University. Leeââ¬â¢s life experience has not only given him an open-minded heart, but produced him ââ¬Å"a spiritual passion made up of equal parts Zen Buddhist philosophy and nineteenth-century Western anti-rationalismâ⬠, so writes Dr. Richard C. Kagan, the author of the book. From the book, Lee can best be described as a pragmatic democrat; in other words, while possessing a general sense of the ideals of democracy, he was ready to compromise them when he felt it necessary for his political survival. Most importantly, he possessed the necessary abilities to maximize his leadership role. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership in Taiwans Transition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was able to set the agenda, to build coalitions, to mobilize the public, to select the timing of actions, to make use of the resources of the system, to foster a discourse of legitimacy, and to maintain a balance among contradictory forces. All of these showed Leeââ¬â¢s flexible social skills and enabled him not only to maintain the dominant status of the KMT (Kuomintang, the Nationalist Party) much longer into the process than would have been expected, but also to exert influence on subsequent political developments through new means. Some studies combined the goal-oriented and the tactical analyses to give a picture of Lee as a ââ¬Å"transformational leaderâ⬠. As society transformed, Lee transformed along with it, and he matched himself to the societys needs at each period. On the one hand, he was channeled by changing circumstances and, at the same time, he affected the direction and pace of change. Accommodating himself to shifting conditions, the relative priority he assigned to furthering substantive goals or to building his own position varied over time, as did his strategies for achieving both ends. Lee has great extraversion and conscientiousness in his personality. He asserted near the end of his term that he had three major goals as president: democratization, localization, and strengthening Taiwans international status. All of these goals were Taiwan-centered, based on its specific history. Through the Japanese colonial rule and the KMT authoritarian regime, Taiwan had never experienced true democracy, nor had the Taiwanese people, even the elites, ever been in control of their own affairs. As a result of the China-centric agenda of the KMT, and, in particular, its claim to represent all of China in the international arena, Taiwan had been excluded from the United Nations since 1971 and lost most of its formal diplomatic recognition, throwing it into an international limbo. Lee had referred to these elements collectively as the sorrow of being a Taiwanese, and he later stated that his historical mission was to reverse all of them. His charisma, assertions, and vision made Taiwanââ¬â¢s people ââ¬Å"see the futureâ⬠and have the motive to change, which is in accordance with 4 Iââ¬â¢s in Transformational Leadership Model. In short, Lee is a transformational leader with transformational leadership style. Despite the page limitation, I still would like to mention the most important accomplishment for me during his presidency: apology for the 228 massacre. The 228 Massacre was led by the ROC government. It is believed that estimates of the number of deaths can be up to 100,000 or more, which is a quite considerable number compared to the population of Taiwan, around 6 million, at that time. This incident snuffed out the hope of Taiwanââ¬â¢s people that they might be allowed to set up their own government after Japanese empire collapsed and gave the rulership to the ROC government in 1945. It also marked the beginning of the KMTs White Terror period in Taiwan, in which tens of thousands more inhabitants died, vanished, or were imprisoned. The 228 massacre has been a taboo for decades even until now, and become one of the most important events in Taiwans modern history. On the anniversary of the event in 1995, Lee made a formal apology on behalf of the government: As the head of state, bearing the burden of mistakes made by the government and expressing the most sincere apology, I believe that with your forgiving hearts, we are able to transform the sadness into armony and peace. February 28 was also declared a day to commemorate the victims since then. It cannot be denied that Lee Teng-Hui has played a pivotal role in Taiwans political development, once again proving that leadership is a critical factor in democratization. Indeed, his remarkable political skills enabled him to influence the rules of the game and thus become an independent variable, a ââ¬Å"transformational leader. During his twelve years as president, Lee oversaw the remarkable progress of Taiwan from an authoritarian regime to a new free-wheeling democracy, while sustaining high levels of economic growth and social stability. Strikingly, Lee and the KMT were able to successfully remain in power throughout the transition, leading many observers to treat the outcome as predetermined. However, the historical record shows that it was not, but that many specific factors, including the manner in which Lee maneuvered to maintain his position, created the conditions for this process. Lee balanced his three primary goals of democratization, localization, and strengthening Taiwans international status with the necessities of acquiring and keeping political power. He used a variety of tactics, including shifts in both his alliances and in his discourse, managing to maintain different equilibrium points at each key juncture. Although Taiwan under Lee succeeded in ending the authoritarian in old regime, the new democracy thus formed remains not fully consolidated, and Lees legacy is still evolving in the ââ¬Å"post-Lee Teng-Hui era. â⬠Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-81589728504642040732020-04-13T11:02:00.001-07:002020-04-13T11:02:04.143-07:00Cyber Security Persuasive Essay SampleCyber Security Persuasive Essay SampleA cyber security persuasive essay sample provides you with the ability to effectively capture readers' attention and get them to read your work. Cyber security arguments tend to be very technical and detailed, as well as challenging. Therefore, if you need to persuade a reader about the importance of online security and why you should do everything in your power to protect their security then this is the type of persuasive essay you want to create. This kind of writing is probably the most difficult of all persuasion styles because it requires an open mind that is willing to take the time to really understand what the writer is trying to do.A cyber security persuasive essay sample is not the only way to promote online security and get people to agree with your opinion. There are many other ways to talk about online security. The first thing you must remember when talking about the subject is that everyone is not a computer geek. Most people are g oing to have a basic understanding of the basics of computers and therefore, they can give an honest opinion about security issues without being computer illiterate.The next thing you should do is make sure you write the essay sample as if it were a speech given by an authority. This means you should present yourself as someone who has knowledge, experience, and training and could really speak on behalf of the subject of cyber security. If you are talking about something which is controversial you should speak from a position of authority.Another reason to make sure that you write your essay sample as if it were a speech is because you want to grab the attention of the reader and draw them in. With a computer you are constantly surrounded by information, so it makes sense to grab their attention as well. When writing a persuasive essay you need to keep your points in perspective because you are trying to influence other people's decisions and therefore, you need to keep things clear and concise. You also want to be professional but you are not there to sell anything.A cyber security persuasive essay sample can be written in a number of different styles. For example, you can use language such as statistics, or facts, or math. You can even use graphs and charts to provide a good basis for your essay. If you want to make your message seem more personal you can choose to use the names of people or organizations.In order to use a cyber security persuasive essay sample you should come up with something to relate to the reader. As a general rule, try to relate the issues and concerns that you feel are critical to your own experiences. Of course, you should always try to research any information you use for this essay. It is your job to tell people why you believe it is important for them to do their part and help to prevent cyber attacks.In conclusion, it is important to remember that a persuasive essay is just that: persuasive. Therefore, you should make sure you un derstand what the topic of the essay is, and make sure you present yourself as an expert on the topic. Once you do this you will not only succeed in writing a persuasive essay, but you will find yourself talking about the subject a lot more often than you would have otherwise. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-69662410294108657712020-03-21T11:16:00.001-07:002020-03-21T11:16:02.938-07:00Oscillation and Periodic Motion in PhysicsOscillation and Periodic Motion in Physics Oscillation refers to the repeated back and forth movement of something between two positions or states. An oscillation can be a periodic motion that repeats itself in a regular cycle, such as a sine wave- a wave with perpetual motion as in the side-to-side swing of a pendulum, or the up-and-down motion of a spring with a weight. An oscillating movement occurs around an equilibrium point or mean value. It is also known as periodic motion. A single oscillation is a complete movement, whether up and down or side to side, over a period of time. Oscillators An oscillator is a device that exhibits motion around an equilibrium point. In a pendulum clock, there is a change from potential energy to kinetic energy with each swing. At the top of the swing, potential energy is at maximum, and that energy is converted to kinetic energy as it falls and is driven back up the other side. Now again at the top, kinetic energy has dropped to zero, and potential energy is high again, powering the return swing. The frequency of the swing is translated via gears to mark time. A pendulum will lose energy over time to friction if the clock isnt corrected by a spring. Modern timepieces use the vibrations of quartz and electronic oscillators, rather than the movement of pendulums. Oscillating Motion An oscillating motion in a mechanical system is swinging side to side. It can be translated into a rotary motion (turning around in a circle) by a peg-and-slot. Rotary motion can be changed to oscillating motion by the same method. Oscillating Systems An oscillating system is an object that moves back and forth, repeatedly returning to its initial state after a period of time. At the equilibrium point, no net forces are acting on the object. This is the point in the pendulum swing when its in a vertical position. A constant force or a restoring force acts on the object to produce the oscillating motion. Variables of Oscillation Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium point. If a pendulum swings one centimeter from the equilibrium point before beginning its return journey, the amplitude of oscillation is one centimeter.Period is the time it takes for a complete round trip by the object, returning to its initial position. If a pendulum starts on the right and takes one second to travel all the way to the left and another second to return to the right, its period is two seconds. ââ¬â¹Period is usually measured in seconds.Frequency is the number of cycles per unit of time. Frequency equals one divided by the period. Frequency is measured in Hertz, or cycles per second. Simple Harmonic Motion The motion of a simple harmonic oscillating system- when the restoring force is directly proportional to that of the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of displacement- can be described using sine and cosine functions. An example is a weight attached to a spring. When the weight is at rest, its in equilibrium. If the weight is drawn down, theres a net restoring force on the mass (potential energy). When its released, it gains momentum (kinetic energy) and keeps moving beyond the equilibrium point, gaining potential energy (restoring force) that will drive it in oscillating down again. Sources and Further Reading Fitzpatrick, Richard. Oscillations and Waves: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019.à Mittal, P.K. Oscillations, Waves and Acoustics. New Delhi, India: I.K. International Publishing House, 2010. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-4478759439634190742020-03-05T01:42:00.001-08:002020-03-05T01:42:02.974-08:00Abiotic and Biotic StressesAbiotic and Biotic Stresses What causes a plant to be stressed? As with humans, stresses can originate from the surrounding environment or, they can come from living organisms that can cause disease or damage. Water Stress One of the most important abiotic stresses affecting plants is water stress. A plant requires a certain amount of water for its optimal survival; too much water (flooding stress) can cause plant cells to swell and burst; whereas drought stress (too little water) can cause the plant to dry up, a condition called desiccation. Either condition can be deadly to the plant. Temperature Stress Temperature stresses can also wreak havoc on a plant. As with any living organism, a plant has an optimal temperature range at which it grows and performs best. If the temperature is too cold for the plant, it can lead to cold stress, also called chilling stress. Extreme forms of cold stress can lead to freezing stress. Cold temperatures can affect the amount and rate of uptake of water and nutrients, leading to cell desiccation and starvation. Under extremely cold conditions, the cell liquids can freeze outright, causing plant death. Hot weather can affect plants adversely, too. Intense heat can cause plant cell proteins to break down, a process called denaturation. Cell walls and membranes can also melt under extremely high temperatures, and the permeability of the membranes is affected. Other Abiotic Stresses Other abiotic stresses are less obvious but can be equally as lethal. In the end, most abiotic stresses affect the plant cells in the same manner as do water stress and temperature stress. Wind stress can either directly damage the plant through sheer force; or, the wind can affect the transpiration of water through the leaf stomata and cause desiccation. Direct burning of plants through wildfires will cause the cell structure to break down through melting or denaturation. In farming systems, the addition of agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, either in excess or in deficit, can also cause abiotic stress to the plant. The plant is affected by an imbalance of nutrition or via toxicity. High amounts of salt taken up by a plant can lead to cell desiccation, as elevated levels of salt outside a plant cell will cause water to leave the cell, a process called osmosis. Plant uptake of heavy metals can occur when plants grow in soils fertilized with improperly composted sewage sludge. High heavy metal content in plants can lead to complications with basic physiological and biochemical activities such as photosynthesis. Biotic Stresses Biotic stresses cause damage to plants via living organisms, including fungi, bacteria, insects, and weeds. Viruses, although they are not considered to be living organisms, also cause biotic stress to plants. Fungi cause more diseases in plants than any other biotic stress factor. Over 8,000 fungal species are known to cause plant disease. On the other hand, only about 14 bacterial genera cause economically important diseases in plants, according to an Ohio State University Extension publication. Not many plant pathogenic viruses exist, but they are serious enough to cause nearly as much crop damage worldwide as fungi, according to published estimates. Microorganisms can cause plant wilt, leaf spots, root rot, or seed damage. Insects can cause severe physical damage to plants, including the leaves, stem, bark, and flowers. Insects can also act as a vector of viruses and bacteria from infected plants to healthy plants. The method by which weeds, considered as unwanted and unprofitable plants, inhibit the growth of desirable plants such as crops or flowers is not by direct damage, but by competing with the desirable plants for space and nutrients. Because weeds grow quickly and produce an abundance of viable seed, they are often able to dominate environments more quickly than some desirable plants. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-23912964387590600562020-02-17T17:06:00.001-08:002020-02-17T17:06:02.606-08:00PAPER ASSIGNMENT Part2 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsASSIGNMENT Part2 - Research Paper Example This paper gives a detailed analysis of the building with focus on the materials used in its construction, form, size, number of rooms, historical background. The buildingââ¬â¢s location, political, social, economic significance is also covered. The construction of the current building known as the Buckingham Palace started in 1703 after William Winde developed its design (Mellett 196). Since then, it has undergone several remodeling and renovation phases that have led to its current form. Despite its old age, the building looks attractive and glamorous courtesy of the high profile type of materials used in its construction. In particular, the building was built using quality materials that include stones, limestone, natural artifacts, bright colored scagllola, concentrated cement, ballast, strong metal and creamy scheme. The materials have enabled it to remain stable to date. Its designers were keen to developing a building that would stay new and strong for long a fact that was indisputable. The building is located in the city of Westminster, and it acts as the official residence of the UKs monarchy. It also serves as the Monarchââ¬â¢s principal workplace where he discharges his official functions (Mellett 196). Many leaders have been using the building due to its quality, design, and strategic location. Preference of the building by the subsequent leaders is attributable to its spacious nature, quality, superior design, and serene location. Similarly, it has several rooms that are fully furnished with pertinent incentives that support good life. Buckingham Palace is a well-structured building that measures 24 meters in height and sits on over 77,000m square meters of floor space. It has a large garden that accommodates many vehicles and various activities. The palace has over 775 rooms that are well fitted with quality fixtures and fittings that are ever attractive (Mellett 197). The rooms include 19 Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-71486881020131099762020-02-03T10:53:00.001-08:002020-02-03T10:53:03.263-08:00Writing a critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsWriting a critique - Assignment Example One of the most notable depictions of Othello was took place in 1988 at the Market Theatre in Johannesburg, South Africa. In this play, director Janet Suzman uses Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Othello as means of addressing the divisive South African issue of apartheid. This essay functions as a critique of Suzmanââ¬â¢s interpretation of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Othello the Merchant of Venice, with specific emphasis on the playââ¬â¢s function as an underlining metaphor for South African apartheid and racial tension. One of the first instances one witnesses director Suzmanââ¬â¢s thematic intentions occurs when Othello first comes on stage. While the appearance the racial clash between Othello and Desdemonaââ¬â¢s father Brabanzio always makes this a dramatically compelling scene, Suzmanââ¬â¢s Othello is more than simply non-white. Actor John Kani is also non-European, with clear African descent. Itââ¬â¢s not difficult to ascertain that this choice has been made deliberately to align the Othello character with Africans facing apartheid. Indeed, a number of critics have noted Suzmanââ¬â¢s use of Kaniââ¬â¢s non-European, African descent in this regard as, ââ¬Å"a South African actor whose first language is not English and who therefore not only looked but ââ¬â more than black British and American Othellos ââ¬â sounded differentâ⬠(Hankey, pg. 93). Itââ¬â¢s this Afrikanerdom that Kani exudes which sets Suzamnââ¬â¢s Othello on a trajectory that situates the play n ot as concerned with the inter-racial relationship tensions as much as its 20th century overarching political concerns. While this critique does not function as a literary analysis, there are a number of notable characterizations of Suzmanââ¬â¢s contemporary overarching political concerns that coincide with Shakespeareââ¬â¢s text. For instance, when Barbanzio encounters the all-white, general counsel about Othelloââ¬â¢s marriage to Desdemonia, Othello is characterized as having utilized magic or illicit methods to gain Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-68846113215542096442020-01-26T07:17:00.001-08:002020-01-26T07:17:05.071-08:00Impact of Parenting Styles: A ReviewImpact of Parenting Styles: A Review Farah Nazneen Impact of Parenting Style in Bangladesh: Aà Systematic Review Introduction Parents are teachers, guiders, leaders, protectors, and providers for their children. Our behavior, thought, motivation, belief, value, personality etc all are directly or indirectly depend on our parenting style. Research on parenting style is so important to determine the positive impact and negative impact on children. There are mainly four types of parenting styles. They are: Authoritative parenting style Authoritarian parenting style Permissive parenting Style Uninvolved parenting style Figure 1: Types of parenting style Bangladesh is a small south Asian country. Very few research has been conducted on the general picture of parenting style in Bangladesh. The majority of the research shown that there are positive correlation between parental acceptance and positive personal characteristics of children. Figure 2: Parents of Bangladesh The Review Information about the Studies: For the review 6 original papers of Bangladesh were selected based on the research on parenting style. All of the research was conducted through quantitative method. The samples (in total 744) of the studies were both school children and adult person. Table 1 depicts the studies with necessary information such as sample size, design, variables studied, data analysis techniques and results. Table 1. Description of the Studies Impact on Personality: Parental rejection can influence our personality (Shahid et al. 2009). In an investigation researcher found significant positive correlation of maternal rejection and neuroticism (anger, loneliness, anxiety, and depression) of adults. But they found no significant correlation between paternal rejection and neuroticism. It may be because in Bangladeshi culture mother used to play all the roles of child rearing and father only play the role in economic wellbeing of family. So father rejection merely affect the childs personality (Shahid et al. 2009). On the other hand, it was found that there is a significant positive correlation between paternal rejection and psychoticism. People with psychoticism have biological causes rather than neuroticism. Therefore, for biological causes, person would be less able to cope with the negative experience like paternal rejection (where some of the participants gave less priority to paternal rejection). That could be the possible explanation of positive correlation between paternal rejection and psychoticism (Shahid et al. 2009). It was also found that there is a negative correlation between parental (both paternal and maternal) rejection and extraversion (being outgoing, talkative, high on positive affect). As parental rejection is negative experience that may prevent them to be high on positive affect (Shahid et al. 2009). This study work with only 3 categories of personality. Further studies are needed to find the correlation between parenting style and other categories of personality like as introversion, openness,conscientiousness,agreeableness etc. Impact on Cognitive Emotion Regulation In an investigation among children researchers found that authoritative parenting was the strongest predictor of overall adaptive emotion regulation while authoritarian parenting was the strongest predictor of overall less adaptive emotion regulation. Permissive parenting has no impact on adaptive and less adaptive emotion regulation (Karim et al. 2013). This study offers some inconsistent results. Here, authoritarian parenting contributes significantly in both the adaptive and less adaptive cognitive emotion regulations. This was unpredicted and failed to explain by the present data. Marital adjustment of parents can also affect the cognitive emotion regulation of children. Because due to marital adjustment balance of parenting style between mother and father could vary. As better marital adjustment of parents help children to handle the negative experiences it is strongly and positively associated with childs adaptive emotion regulation (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal and putting into perspective strategies) and negatively with childs overall less adaptive emotion regulation (self-blame, rumination or focus on thought, catastrophizing, and blaming others strategies) (Ansary and Karim, 2011). Research evidence also shown that fathers positive affect (enthusiasm, active, and alert) is strongly and positively associated with childs overall adaptive emotion regulation; and negatively associated with childs overall less adaptive emotion regulation (Ansary and Karim, 2011). But in the case of mother it is little bit difference. Mothers positive affect and negative affect were not significantly associate with childs overall adaptive cognitive emotion regulation. In the case of less adaptive cognitive emotion regulation picture is different, researcher found strong positive association (Ansary and Karim, 2011). Impact on Self-esteem: In a research it was proved that parental rejection is significantly and positively correlated with lower self-esteem of person (Yasmin and Hossain, 2014). This result also suggests thatmaternalrejectionhasgreaterimpactonselfà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã esteemthanpaternalrejection. However sample size of this research is so poor only 60. Which is not sufficient to generalize the finding. Again maternal rejection as a good predictor of self-esteem in early adulthood in which self-esteem had significant negative correlation with remembrance of maternal rejection in childhood (Din and Huque, 2013). In this research they didnââ¬â¢t see the effect of paternal rejection in early adulthood. Impact on life-satisfaction: Yasmin and Hossain (2014) shown that both maternal and paternal involvement in childhoodisimportanttodevelopoffspringââ¬â¢slifesatisfactioninadulthood. This result also suggests thatmaternalrejectionhasgreaterimpactonlife satisfactionthanpaternalrejection. However sample size of this research is so poor only 60. Which is not sufficient to generalize the finding. Impact on Academic Achievement: In a study with tribal and non-tribal student researchers found significant negative correlations between both maternal and paternal acceptance scores and academic achievement scores. It was also found from the results of the study that there were significant differences in maternal acceptance, paternal acceptance and academic achievement between tribal and non tribal children. That is, non tribal children were more maternally accepted, more paternally accepted and showed higher academic achievement as compared to their tribal counterpart (Aktar, Shahrier, and Rahaman, 2013). Conclusions Existing literature on parenting style of Bangladesh shown relatively same findings. Most of the research approved the positive impact on children for acceptance parenting style and negative impact due to rejected parenting style. Parental acceptance help to develop our positive aspect of personality and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation, increase self-esteem and life (Shahid et al. 2009; Karim, Sharafat, and Mahmud, 2013; Yasmin and Hossain, 2014; and Din and Huque, 2013). But in the case of academic achievement we get controversial finding from other research in different culture. In the study of tribal and non-tribal children parental acceptance does not facilitate childââ¬â¢s academic achievement (Aktar, Shahrier, and Rahaman, 2013). May be our educational system failed to evaluate our children in terms of academic achievement. Further studies are needed to establish a clear relationship between parenting style and academic achievement, and evaluating academic achievement. All of the research on parenting style were conducted with few samples. Here highest sample size was only 206. Few sample is not reliable tool to predict the nature of parenting style especially in survey research. The research finding of above studies are failed to generalize the overall finding for large population of Bangladesh. Again participants of the research are presentable for different class of people in our society like age, race, socio-economic status, occupation, locality etc. There are also no broad, reliable research on overall population of Bangladesh to establish norm of general parenting style in Bangladesh. Again most of the research in parenting style are conducted on quantitative research method. Qualitative research on parenting style could facilitate to understand the cause of different impact of parenting style in the context of Bangladesh. In conclusion further research is needed on this sector to establish a clear relationship between parenting style and positive impact on children. So parentââ¬â¢s awareness in raising child could be increase. We can also work with different types of variables related to parenting style. References Aktar, R., Shahrier, M. A., Rahaman, M. M. (2013). Parental acceptance and academic achievement of tribal and non-tribal children of Bangladesh. Journal of Life and Earth Science, 8, 31-39. Ansary, T. M., Karim, A. K. M. R. (2011). Cognitive emotion regulation in children as predicted by parents marital adjustment and their nature of affect. Bangladesh Psychological Studies, 21, 1-16. Din, F. A., Huque, P. (2013). Maternal rejection in childhood: its effect on self-esteem in early adulthood. Bangladesh Psychological Studies, 23, 15-28. Karim, A. K, M. R., Sharafat, T., Mahmud, A. Y. (2013). Cognitive emotion regulation in children as related to their parenting style, family type and gender. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science, 39(2), 211-220. Shahid, S. F. B., Mullick, M. S. I., Nahar, J. S., Naher, J., Khan, S., Morshed, N. M., Shah, M. A., Qusar, M. M. A. S. (2009). Relationship between Parental Rejection and Personality. BSMMU Journal, 2(2), 61-65. Yasmin, S., Hossain, A. (2014). Relation of parental rejection with selfà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã esteem and life satisfaction of young adults. Dhaka University Journal of Biological Science, 23(1), 69-76. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-42191830322878661512020-01-18T03:41:00.001-08:002020-01-18T03:41:04.895-08:00Reaction Paper â⬠Social Responsibility EssayThis chapter tells about the employees as stakeholders of a company or a business. As stakeholders, employees have also the rights and privileges which are due for them. With this rights they have, some responsibilities are also expected of them as part of the company. In the same way, they also have some employee contract which they know among themselves that guide them as they go along with their routine in their workplaces. It also discusses some ethical responsibilities to employees which are very essential to satisfy their needs and thus, make them as productive individuals. Every stakeholder of a company has their own rights with corresponding responsibilities. These must be given to them with due respect. It may differ depending on how they function in a company and how they can affect in the companyââ¬â¢s performance. Nevertheless, each functions is essential and vital to the companyââ¬â¢s operations, thus, each individual must also be given the rights which are really due for them. In my opinion, learning about employee relationship is the same way of learning how to deal with your employees. It is like knowing what motivates your employees to do well and how will you make them stay. Establishing or building a good relationship is very important in a company because it can greatly the companyââ¬â¢s overall performance of the company. If a company has established a good employee relationship and employees has the initiative to do things, then we can say that they are employer of choice. This means they were able to choose correctly who among the employees are best suited in the job and they were able to provide them with benefits which make them stay in their job. There are many ways to manage your workforce and if situations call for an employee reduction, this means one has to reduce its workforce either because of lessening of needed labor, decreasing the quality of service or because of lack of resources to pay for the expenses. In this way, the company must also keep the good relationship despite the scenario. From employee entrance to exit, a good relationship must be kept. In general, this chapter is very useful for business people because it tells about another very important stakeholder of a company which are the employees. They are very essential to a companyââ¬â¢s operations and transaction. Without them a specific operation will not be done and whether big or small job, it is essential and will have an impact on the company. But, in return the company must protect the rights and ad individuality of the employees. They must be given proper motivation and be compensated with enough benefits which is enough with the type of job they have done. Also, their ideas and privacy must be protected by the company. Whatever their positions maybe, they must be respected and treated fairly and equally. In this way, they can establish a good employee relationship which will be reflected Chapter 8 ââ¬â Consumer Relations Another stakeholder of the company are the consumers. They are the ones who purchase, use and dispose of products for themselves an truly they play an important role in the operations of the company. Just like the other stakeholders, they have the rights and privileges which they should receive from the company. These are the things the company must consider to be able to provide their needs and satisfy their wants as well. As a company, they have some responsibilities to all their stakeholders like the consumer. It is true that fulfilling these responsibilities can make the consumer stay and help to establish a good relationship among them. In the long run, it can develop loyalty among their consumers. Looking on the economic aspects, it is proven that consumers and the company are connected by an economic relationship. There is a bond between the two which creates a relationship among them. It is money. True enough, money is a vital tool in economic development. Though we may say that it does not measure the economic growth of the country, its circulation creates a great impact in the measurement of growth, which is, still considered with some factors. Also, as a consumer, I expect my money to get the value from what I buy. The company must see to it that they are able to give the value of theà money the consumers pay for in exchange of the product or service. In the same way, it is a relief for consumers to know that there are some laws provided to protect their rights and to attend to their needs when situation calls for it. Like in the Philippines, the Republic Act 7394: The Consumer Act of the Philippines protects the consumer to possible threats like fraud from the company. But, sad to say, even with the existence of this act, there are still some misconducts and mischiefs done by the company. It is unfair for the consumers who become the victim of the company. This is not being socially responsible to as a stakeholder of the company. Some companies try to deceive their consumer by telling false information about what they sell. On the other hand, there are also those who follow the laws like providing warranties and others. With all these aspects come the rights of the consumers which include the right to choose, safety, be informed, heard, seek redress and privacy. With all these rights, I supposed right which is not fully given to consumers is the right to privacy. With the rise of the new technologies of today, privacy is quite forgotten. Information, ideas, photos, videos, files and others are being stolen by people through technology. It is part of the consumers to have their privacy whether they have given their information to the company. With this, the responsibility has been passed to the company to give their consumer the privacy they want. They should secure the information they have gathered and use it for business purposes in the right manner and with the consent of the consumer. Lastly, the philanthropic aspects are now given more attention by the company. Social responsibility has been a part of every organization now a days. This increases their attention to choose the company because of the philanthropic activities they are involved in. It attracts the consumer with the mindset that if the join the company or buy in that brand, they can also help the beneficiaries of the company. Chapter 9 ââ¬â Community Relations and Strategic Philanthropy This chapter focuses on another stakeholder which is the community. They areà those members of society who are aware of, concerned about, or in some way affected by the operations and output of the organization. They may be the people around which also includes the environment they are living into. All the aspects which are being affected by the company operation directly or indirectly are part of it. These are also affected by several through several aspects in social responsibility. In this generation, there are many issues that concern the community. Issues include mostly of the environmental issue that is caused by the operations of the company. The degradation of the beauty of our mother earth due to some companies is very visible and greatly felt because of those failed to take into considerations the effect to its stakeholders. Pollution and land use are some of it. Like in Manila, pollution has been a problem for a long time. Many companies are continuously performing their operations without considering its effects to the community. Big factories are some of those who continuously contribute to the pollution. Also, another very popular issue regarding the land use is the reclamation being done for business establishments. Like the SM Mall of Asia. The land used for that establishment has been reclaimed. This is one example of company operations that affect the community. Philanthropic contributions of the company to the community are very essential for the stakeholders. It affects on how the will brand or see the image of the company. This aspect of the company must be properly planned to achieve what is really wanted. This chapter also talks about how a company can properly strategize for its philanthropic implementation. Through a strategic planning of philanthropic implementation, there can be a higher chances that the actions to be taken are feasible and will work in the benefit of the company. It can be done through a step by step procedure which is research, organize and design, engage and spend. Through this steps, it can be properly executed and will surely help in the operations of the company. As a community, they always look after the general welfare of everyone who is a member of their community. In that aspect, the companyââ¬â¢s philanthropic strategy is very important. Through this, they can address the needs and concerns of their key stakeholders. This is what social responsibility isà all about. Taking into consideration all the key stakeholder of the company must always be done. It is important to satisfy their needs and wants so that every aspect of the company can function effectively and efficiently. In this way, all the members of the organization will function well and it will be reflected on the overall image of the company. Having a positive community relations and a strategic philanthropy can only be achieved if the people behind a company or a business is truly socially responsible. Doing what is right and what is just for your stakeholders like the community is being socially responsible. Chapter 10 ââ¬â Technology Issues Technology has been very evident in every business establishment now a days. Even small businesses are making use of technology like calculator, cashiers, refrigerators and others. All of these things are product of technology and truly, they are a big help in the operations of the business. But, looking on the other side, technology can also cause destruction to a company. For example in a small business like computer shop. When the system or server is down, there can be no operations accomplished or if there is no internet connection. This is one disadvantage of technology. When there is a failure, sometimes it takes time to be fixed or sometimes cannot be fixed. Despite this, people continues to entrust their equities to technology. Technology helps businesses in their operations in every aspect. It makes the work easier and faster thus, as a result, there is a lesser requirement of manpower. This means fewer people are employed in the company. Letââ¬â¢s take Gardenia for example. They are known for the breads which are untouched by human hands. They made this possible through technology. Machineries take the responsibilities of a worker in the production. Thus, the only person they need is those who will man and control them. But, in brighter side, there are some new job opportunities due to the rise of technology. Technology is fast changing. In effect, the businesses need to adapt to the changes so that they can cope up with their competitors and provide theà changing need of the consumers. Improved products are produced due to this. Thus, a higher standard of living was also set because of technology. These things affect the growth of the economy of the country. With the rise of the new emerging technology, there came the emergence of the Internet which helps businessesââ¬â¢ transaction. It helps them to have a more targeted market, to have a closer relationship with their consumer and to have a facilitated supply chain management. Despite these things, the internet also made fraud dramatically increase in number. There are many incidents of crime in the cyber space. The most common are piracy and identity theft. The government is taking action to this issue. There are laws which provides protection and assistance to the information sent and received through the internet. Here in the Philippines, the recently passed law on cyber crime provides protection to the people the internet. In general, technology has many advantages that it can provide to companies and businesses. It is really a big help in their operations and transactions. It also makes the work faster and easier with a better quality produced not only in business aspects but also in all the other transactions in our daily life. Despite the number of advantages, technology has also it disadvantages. It is up to the company or the business if they will use the technology with social responsibility among their stake holders which include the shareholders, employees and consumer. Chapter 11 ââ¬â Sustainability Issues This chapter focuses on a companyââ¬â¢s sustainability. It refers to the potential for long-term well-being of the natural environment, including all biological entities, as well as the interaction among nature and individuals, organizations, and business strategies. Right now, companies are having a hard time to sustain a healthy environment for their stakeholders due to the operations they are undertaking. Sustainability includes the assessment and improvement of business strategies, economic sectors, work practices, technologies, and lifestyles while maintaining the natural environment One very evident issue is on nature. It includes all the resources like air, water and land. The issues are concerning on the destruction of these resources due to the establishment of the companies. Reclamation is now being done very often to pride land for new business establishment like the famous, and before very controversial, Mall of Asia. The land used to build the mall was formerly a part of the sea. It was cover with land and used as a site for business. This is just one of the issues. Other includes deforestation, pollution and development sprawl that affect the other living organisms. Due to the issues on the environment stated above, some wildlife or living things in the ecosystem are threatened. Their habitats are being destroyed or even the food they eat are being eaten up by the new establishments. In the same way, pollution has also an effect on nature. The clean air that we should be breathing is polluted by the smoke from the factories or the vehicles that we use. These actions can cause destruction to the nature that will hinder us from maintaining the sustainability of a certain organization or a company. Like in the technological issues, the government is also taking action to the sustainability issues globally. There are some laws and policies implemented for the protection and maintenance of sustainability in the place. Like in the Philippines, There are many organizations specializing in the protection of a certain natural resources. Though there are times that they cannot function well due to the lack of budget, they still do their best to maintain the order in it. In the same way, the businesses and companies are doing their best to eliminate the operations that are harmful to the environment. One example is the campaign against using plastics in any transaction. Whether in food, clothes or any product. They are using brown bags or ec0-friendly bags to hold their things. This campaign had gone all over the country. It starts from small businesses and to small town then cities and municipalities. I am from Batangas and my city has already embraced that campaign. There areà also other actions undertaken like using refrigerators or air cons that do not emit CFC which is harmful for our ozone layer. Sustainability of a certain place or company is hard to achieve but it is possible with the help and cooperation of all the stakeholder of the family. Also, it can only be achieved if everyone is socially responsible about their actions and how it can affect the other people around them. Chapter 12 ââ¬â Social Responsibility in a Global Environment Due to the fast changing and evolving technological advancements worldwide, the marketplace for companies has also grown globally and thus, the need to adapt to the environment. There is a bigger arena for a larger number of competitors and more stakeholders to satisfy. There are different regions worldwide that has a variety of culture as well. As a company with social responsibility, they must know their culture so that they can provide their need better and with quality. At the same time, they must be familiar with the things that are prone to their culture so that they can establish a better relationship with their customers worldwide. They must gather a cultural intelligence that they can use to gauge how they should treat their stakeholders in all the parts of the world. Like in SGS, the company where I had my OJT, they have offices from all parts of the world and having Philippines as the back office. Being in this situation, they gather a cultural intelligence from all the countries they have a local office. From China, Egypt, Spain, Chile, Japan, Nigeria and etc. They have hired different nationalities that can help them to gain the cultural intelligence they need to deal with their consumers worldwide. As the back office, the Philippines must know how to understand each office because they are the one dealing with all the other countries and if they need to communicate, everything else will also pass through the Philippines. Not only with consumers. They must also know how to treat the employees from different culture. An open door policy must be imposed to encourage interaction among them. There might also be some policies or treatiesà regarding salaries and wages relative to the home countryââ¬â¢s standard and agreed upon by both of the countries. Same as with some policies and rules regarding their health and safety. One possible barrier that can hinder a smooth relationship between the company and its stakeholders is language. Communication is a vital part of an operation or transaction. If there is no proper communication, there could be misunderstanding that will lead to a failure of the business. Also, it can hinder the company from providing what the consumer really wants. Another is culture. If one did something which is against the culture of the other, this might cause a Despite the cultural differences and diversity of beliefs a company must continue to be socially responsible among its stakeholders. They must not forget their responsibility toward the people around them. Their economic, philanthropic, legal and social responsibilities must always be taken into consideration. In this way, they can have a smooth relationship with their stakeholder and thus, have a smooth sailing transaction across the globe even if it is a different environment. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-26321016071326603512020-01-10T00:04:00.001-08:002020-01-10T00:04:03.439-08:00Urgent Term Paper: No Longer a Mystery Urgent Term Paper: No Longer a Mystery Urgent Term Paper for Dummies Term paper writing is among the absolute most responsible tasks that students have to fulfill during the analysis in the greater educational institutions. A term paper has an important part in the life span of college students. So, first of all, a college research paper has to be informative. Our paper writing service has a succession of functions that lots of students find very helpful. Urgent Term Paper - the Story Before you commence writing a term paper, consider the research work and investigation you want to achieve. A lot of students have located our services as one of the very best in term paper and essay writing businesses. 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Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-14043849598369861392020-01-01T20:28:00.001-08:002020-01-01T20:28:03.266-08:00Essay On Obesity In African American Children - 1496 Words Obesity among African American Children In the general population, childhood obesity has increased considerably in the current times compared to two decades ago and certain ethnic communities and races have inexplicably been affected (Rippo Angelopoulos, 2016). Kovner and Knickman (2011) state the health status of the people varies across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Obesity among African American children has become a major point of concern in the modern society. It is evident that there are four times fewer supermarkets and lack of affordable food in the African American predominant areas compared to white neighborhoods (Whitsel, 2015). Increase the availability of healthier foods by opening more Supermarkets in theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦According to Aynsley-Green (2014), many federal laws and regulations have greater impacts on the United State food supply. ââ¬Å"The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008â⬠, which is also known as the 2008 U.S. Farm Bill, supports my proposed policy (Aynsley-Green, 2014). Through the U. S. Farm Bill, a lot of money is allocated to nutrition programs, which improve the health conditions of African American neighborhoods at large (Aynsley-Green, 2014). This program was designed to provide grants to farms, food hubs, and the food enterprises that process, distribute, or store locally or regionally produced food products (Aynsley-Green, 2014). Since the regulations governing commerce in the U.S locale are well understood by the investors within the United States, establishment and operations of such supermarkets can be done (Aynsley-Green, 2014). Moreover, this bill creates strides in supplying low-income Americans with improved access to healthy as well as locally produced foods (Aynsley-Green, 2014). Analysis of the Methods Used to Influence Policy Makers or Legislators to Support the Policy According to Milstead (2014), there are so many ways of influencing legislature in order to support a given policy created by different organizations or individuals, provided they areShow MoreRelatedEssay On Obesity In African American Children1524 Words à |à 7 Pages Obesity in African American children between the ages of 2-19. Obesity in African American children has been found to be much higher than in Caucasian American children. There is almost a 6% disparity between them. Alarmingly, this continues to grow and is currently affecting younger children in the African communities. A survey polled between 1999 to 2012 showed the following: 35.1 percent of African American children ages 2 to 19 were overweight, compared with 28.5 percent of WhiteRead MoreEssay about Childhood Obesity in African American Children1306 Words à |à 6 PagesChildhood obesity is a consequential medical condition that effects the youth and adolescence of society. This disorder creates health problems that were once only seen in adults, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Although childhood obesity is a world wide issue, the percentage of overweight children differs, especially throughout the United States. Today, the greatest population suffering from this disease are African American children who reside in the southern part of the countryRead MoreObesity And Obesity Among Hispanic And African American Communities1701 Words à |à 7 Pages Diabetes and Obesity Name Institution Diabetes and Obesity Abstract There exists a close relationship between diabetes and obesity. 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In this essay I will first discuss the historical development of the SES-obesity scholarship and will lay out some the prevalent controversial find ingsRead MoreLong Island Ny, Nassau County905 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe population is slightly over 1.3 million people who have diverse cultural features or backgrounds. It is important to note that 76% of the total population is comprised of whites alone that are roughly 1,034,626 of the total population. The African American community has an approximate population of 12% that is 163,362 people. The Asian population is 7.6% that translates to 103,462 people (www.census.gov/quickfacts). Regarding gender, the female population comprises 51.5% of the total populationRead MoreEssay on Obesity in America on the Rise1266 Words à |à 6 PagesObesity in America Today, 78.1 million American adults and 12.5 million children are obese. Obesity in America is a unstoppable epidemic. Since the 1960s, the number of obese adults have doubled and the number of obese children have tripled. Because of Americaââ¬â¢s obesity problems, Surgeon General David Satcher issued a report saying; The Surgeon Generals Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight, said that obesity have reached epidemic proportions in America. Obesity in America has noRead MoreObesity in America Essay1472 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction This essay will discuss obesity in America and the statistical data found surrounding the subject. This is an interesting and personal topic and something very interesting to learn about. The essay will cover different vantage points of obesity including obesityââ¬â¢s relationship to poverty in the U.S., parentsââ¬â¢ fight for more physical activity in schools to combat childhood obesity, statistical data about Americaââ¬â¢s obese population and even a spurious correlation between obesity and sleep durationRead MoreDiabetes And Its Effects On Diabetes1603 Words à |à 7 Pagesitââ¬â¢s not treated (NHS.UK, 2016). There are many risk factors that can have the likelihood impact on developing diabetes, such as in males or females, food preferences, pregnancy, obesity, genetics, damaging effects and race and ethnicity. These risk factors and their trends will be discussed in depth later in this essay. It is very important to the detect diabetes from early stage as high glucose levels can damage the blood vessels, nerves and organs within the body. Mildly raised glucose levelsRead MoreObesity in the United States and The Importance of Exercis1471 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe United States, obesity is currently one of the largest issues in our society. Sugary sodas, fatty foods, and lack of exercise are the main causes of this issue. Not only does obesity affect adults, but it affects young children as well. In 2012, it was reported that two-thirds of adults in the United States are considered overweight or obese. It was also reported that 31.8% of children and teenagers in the United States are considered overweight or obese as well. Young children are naturally attractedRead MoreSuper size me Essay1261 Words à |à 6 Pageskilling Americans, at least that is what Morgan Spurlock believes. In his documentary Super Size Me he embarks on a quest to not only describe and use himself as an example of the growing obesity trend, but to offer the viewers with base-line nutritional knowledge that will allow them to draw their own informed conclusions. Spurlocks primary intention is to prove through self-experimentation that eating solely McDonalds food is dangerous. His secondary intention is to denounce the rising obesity rate Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-42187119873876133422019-12-24T16:14:00.001-08:002019-12-24T16:14:03.501-08:00Ethical Issues Of The Nursing - 1944 Words Ethical issues in nursing will always be an ongoing learning process. Nurses are taught in nursing school what should be done and how. Scenarios are given on tests with one right answer. However, there are situations that nurses may encounter that may have multiple answers and it is hard to choose one. ââ¬Å"Ethical directives are not always clearly evident and people sometimes disagree about what is right and wrongâ⬠(Butts Rich, 2016). When an ethical decision is made by a nurse, there must be a logical justification and not just emotions. This author has chosen to discuss the ethical issues of abortion. This is a highly debated topic that will exist amongst women. It is happening at high rates. ââ¬Å"In 2013, 664,435 legal induced abortionsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Although abortion was legalized in 1973 by the Roe v. Wade case, legal is not equivalent to moral. The Roe v. Wade case has had many disputes against its ruling, but the ultimate decision still remains the law. According to Butts Rich (2016), the following 41 years after the case decision was made, 57 million abortions were performed. This only includes abortions that were registered. Legalizing elective abortions gave permission for women to end a pregnancy for any given reason. This author does not believe that it is moral for an abortion to be done because the mother is scared or feels like it is not ââ¬Å"the right time.â⬠The pro-life view simply acknowledges the rights of an unborn fetus. Unless the motherââ¬â¢s life is threatened by c ontinuing the pregnancy, abortion is not a solution. No matter the case, a nurse must consider their own beliefs on this matter in order to provide competent care. The process of abortion is performed either medically with a pill or done surgically. Since abortion is legal in most states up to the 2nd trimester, imagine how developed some of these unborn children are at the time of abortion. The pill method causes a miscarriage to occur, while the surgical methods physically remove the baby. Vacuum aspiration involves removing the fetus by suction. The 2nd procedure of dilation and evacuation involves medically ripening the cervix and the manual removal of the fetus and placenta with forceps (Lohr, Fjerstad,Show MoreRelatedEthical Issues in Nursing1321 Words à |à 6 PagesEthical Issues for Nurses Alexis Bushay HCA 322 Health Care Ethics amp; Medical Law Instructor: Jennine Kinsey August 18, 2012 Ethical Issues for Nurses Ethical issues have always affected the role of the professional nurse. Efforts to enact this standard may cause conflict in health care settings in which the traditional roles of the nurse are delineated within a bureaucratic structure. 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The following paper will discussRead MoreEthical and Legal Issues in Nursing956 Words à |à 4 PagesETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF Nursing Many confusing factors make it a task to establish, monitor and sustain ethical and legal issues in nursing. Everyone has various personal views based on experiences of life, religion, education and political affiliations, all nurses should be aware about nursing laws and ethics and understand how nursing legal issues can affect them. The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics is very influential to nurses because it is used as a framework for makingRead MoreEthical Issues And Nursing Relevance922 Words à |à 4 PagesEthical Issues and Nursing Relevance The modern nature of telehealth has created a dialogue about ethical issues and its relevance to nursing, specifically advance practice nursing. Preserving the nurse-patient relationship is an ethical issue that remerges. 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Judie feels that the organization is demanding moreRead MoreLegal an Ethical Issues in Nursing Essay872 Words à |à 4 PagesTitle: Ethical and Legal issues in Nursing paper Student Name: Aleyamma John, RN Course Name/Number: NUR/391 Due Date: Mar 21, 2011 Instructor Name: Dolores Martinez Nurses are facing many legal or ethical dilemmas in their career. Nurses should combine knowledge of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice. It is very essential to know what kind of dilemmas nurses may face during their profession and how they have been dealt with in theRead MoreLegal And Ethical Issues Of Nursing Practice1464 Words à |à 6 PagesLegal and Ethical issues in nursing Introduction The aim of this essay is to discuss the legal and ethical issues in nursing practice about gaining consent and why it is important. The meaning of consent will be explained and barriers that might prevent obtaining a valid consent from patients. In addition, there are five elements of consent that needs to be considered when obtaining consent: competence, disclosure, confidentiality, understanding and voluntariness; this will be discussed. AccordingRead MoreEthical Issues in Mental Health Nursing2624 Words à |à 11 PagesProfessional Accountability Analysis of a dilemma in practice ââ¬Å"Sally and the Health Visitorâ⬠Dip HE Mental Health Nursing Word count: 1,957. Contents page Introduction | 1 | Autonomy | 1 | Beneficence | 3 | Nonmaleficence | 4 | Justice | 4 | Conclusion | 5 | Bibliography | 6 | Introduction This discussion paper will look at the ethical issues surrounding decision making as nurses, in a given scenario (Sally and the health visitor). Ethics is defined by Johnstone (2008) as ââ¬Å"ARead MoreEthical Issues Of Nursing Are Common And Ever Present1293 Words à |à 6 PagesClinical Reflection Paper Ethical issues in nursing are common and ever-present. Our jobs as nursing students is not only learn medications and how to care for patients of all types, but also learn what common ethical issues in nursing exist and how to correctly deal with them. One ethical issue I came across more than once in clinical and in simulation was the presence of family and friends at the bedside during patient assessments, compromising patient confidentiality and HIPAA regulations as Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-68442823274546108362019-12-16T12:44:00.001-08:002019-12-16T12:44:04.048-08:00Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga Free Essays string(72) " which men go out to work and women stay at home, is becoming obsolete\." Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga (Japanese Comics): Shoujo in Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics and Young Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics Fusami Ogi I. Sexist Reality and Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics: Womenââ¬â¢s Lives and Experiences Shoujo manga experienced a turning point in the 1970s when more women began to choose different lives from those the traditional gender role system expected them to take. Although the Japanese social system supports women as housewives, the number of women who work outside the house has been increasing. We will write a custom essay sample on Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this article, I am going to survey the situation of women in Japan when ladiesââ¬â¢ comics was born in the 1980s and consider how ladiesââ¬â¢ comics could convey those womenââ¬â¢s voices. The ? rst publication of the genre ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is Be Love published by Kodansha in 1980. Its target reader is an adult female approximately 25 to 30 years old. Generally, the target readers of ladies comics are adult women or shoujo who are almost adult. Ladies comics seem to have performed two roles as a new kind of writing for women: the ? st is to present womenââ¬â¢s desires when they are no longer girls; and the second is to offer alternate role models to adult women. In these respects, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which ? rst requires identi? cation with the category ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwoman,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ rather than a genre which gives readers an objective point of view de? ned by the category ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwoman. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ The number of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines increased as if re? ecting womenââ¬â¢s increased concern with their own lives. There were only two ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in 1980, but the number went up to 8 in 1984, 19 in 1985, and 48 in 1991 (Shuppan 1996: 201; 1999: 226). The 1980s, when ladiesââ¬â¢ comics became quite popular, was a time in which working women disrupted sexist myths which presented working women as unattractive and sexually frustrated (Buckley 1989: 107). It is signi? cant that after 1985 the number of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics increased dramatically, because in 780 Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 781 1985 Kikai kintou hou [The Equal Employment Opportunity Law] was passed in the Diet, which guarantees equal employment opportunities to both men and women. However, the law was not strict and there was no punishment stipulated if companies did not follow the law. Since the law just encouraged companies to arrange equal opportunities for both men and women, most women had to continue their ? ght against the discrimination triggered by being women (Shiota 2000; Ueno 1995; Ueno 1990: 303; Sougou 1993: 268; Bornoff 1991: 452). Although the law barred sexual discrimination in the workplace, jobs and career expectations were still gender coded. The law was passed on May 17 in 1985, and by April 1 in 1986 when the law became effective, companies managed to invent two new categories to classify full-time jobs: sougou shoku [managerial career track] and ippan shoku [regular service]. According to Ueno Chizuko,1 in 1986, 99 % of male employees of new graduates were employed as sougou shoku, which includes business trips and transfers to other sections or branches in the future, and 99% of female employees recruited from among new graduates were employed as ippan shoku, which does not include the possibility of such transfer (Ueno 1990: 303). A woman in an ippan shoku position is generally called an ââ¬Ëââ¬ËO. L. ,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëof? ce lady. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ This position never allows the possibility of promotion. It is a position that re? ects the traditional feminine role as a housewife in a household. To cite Yuko Ogasawara: Most of? ce ladies are not entrusted with work that fully exercises their abilities, but are instead assigned simple, routine clerical jobs. They have little prospect of promotion, and their individuality is seldom respected, as evidenced by the fact that they are often referred to as ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëgifts. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ (1998: 155) Of? ce work that included preparing and serving tea to male workers was mostly reserved for the of? ce ladies (Allison 1994: 93). Ogasawara claims that ââ¬Ëââ¬Ë[I]ndeed, men in Japanese companies are dependent on women for their loyal and reliable assistanceââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ (1998: 156). According to the data in 1996, women workers occupy 8. 2% of all managerial posts in Japan, while in the US, 42. 7% of the managerial posts are held by women (Inoue 1999: 115). The position of of? ce ladies only creates a glass ceiling. 782 A Journal of Popular Culture The law was not a happy avenue to equality between men and women. It was based on gender segregation. It forced female workers to work as late hours and at as physical and demanding jobs as men, and raised the number of female parttime workers (Sougou 1993: 268; Ueno 1995: 702). According to Shiota Sakiko, in 1987, 48. 2% of wives of employees had a job, and more than 40% of the wives with a job were part-time workers (Shiota 2000: 152). In fact, the Equal Employment Opportunity Law was not a law that encouraged women to pursue long-term careers. Rather, it was a law that aimed at protecting women who were also engaged in housework. Protecting the position of housewives, the Japanese government has maintained women as a low cost, secondary labor force (Shiota 2000: 175; Ueno 1995: 700). Shiota declares that in the 1990s the easiest lifestyle for a woman is still to choose the traditional female role, where a woman is economically supported by her husband (Shiota 2000: 165). Women who pursue careers have to choose either of two courses: to give up housework or to ? nd a substitute in the home for herself (Shiota 2000: 87). In fact, it seems dif? cult for most women to give up housework. Therefore, according to Shiota, if she cannot ? nd a substitute in the home for herself, she has to do with both housework and outside employment. However, the number of women who are pursuing careers has been increasing. The Equal Employment Opportunity Law opened opportunities for some women. The number of women whose work is not secondary is increasing (Konno 2000: 218-19). Moreover, the traditional form of marriage, in which men go out to work and women stay at home, is becoming obsolete. You read "Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga" in category "Papers" Anne E. Imamura remarks: [In the 1990s] The cost of living pushed women into the labor force, but the sluggish domestic economy cut into womenââ¬â¢s gains in the job market. Womenââ¬â¢s age at ? rst marriage rose to twenty-six, crossing the magic number of twenty-? ve, when womenFlike Christmas cakesF were supposed to become stale. Women were in no hurry to marry, and once married had fewer children. (1996: 4) Despite the reality of the current Japanese society, in which the birth rate (Inoue 1999: 5)2 is decreasing, according to Shiota, most women who work outside the house regard child raising as a part of their future happiness (2000: 84). According to Shiota, Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 783 n Japanese society, which values housework only in relation to housewives, women need different role models for their current lives from that of the conventional lifestyle for women, because more and more women do not conform to the conventional role models the society endorses. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics may provide women with such models and possible ideas for their futures. This genre may help women to generate a space where they can amuse themselves a s women and also consider their dif? culties in reality in the process of pursuing a more satisfying, ful? lling way of life. The increase in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines seems to re? ect ` womenââ¬â¢s consciousness-raising vis a vis their position both within and outside the house. As we have seen, the Japanese social system has been more supportive of the position of housewife, which resulted in the increase in the number of housewives who also worked outside the home as part-time workers. The position as a part-time worker imposed a double bind on a woman: housework has continued being regarded as a womanââ¬â¢s duty and the womanââ¬â¢s labor force outside the house has been kept as secondary. However, the number of housewives who are engaged only in housework is decreasing and more women are participating in work outside the home. The Employment Equal Opportunity Law did not bring many bene? ts to working women, but as Ueno points out, the law permitted companies to require women to work outside the home as hard as men (Ueno 1995: 702). This meant that women had to be like men to work outside, but it also gave both men and women an opportunity to reconsider existing gender roles. That is to say, the law ironically exposed the fact that women were not the only ones that had suffered from traditional gender roles. Shoujo in Ladiesââ¬â¢ Comics Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has become a genre which re? ects the contemporary dif? culties of womenââ¬â¢s lives and their pleasures. In order to present ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomen,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ the women writers each pursue the image in their own manner. As I pointed out before, the following two roles are crucial to examining ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as writing for women: the ? st is to present womenââ¬â¢s desires when they are no longer girls; and the second is to offer role models to adult women. In this section, I would like to explore 784 A Journal of Popular Culture these two points in turn, considering how ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, as intended explicitly for a woman who is no longer a shoujo, is independent of shoujo manga, if they still share some aspects, I would like to examine how they rework the concept of gender and how the social background has been re? ected in those aspects. 1. A Woman as Sexual Subject The most crucial reason for the popularity of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in the 1980s, according to critics (Matsuzawa 1999: 29; Ishida 1992: 76), is the introduction of the theme of sexuality. Because shoujo is a common word in Japanese meaning a teen-aged female before marriage, it was very dif? cult to deal with the theme of sexuality in shoujo manga, in spite of its being a genre for women, by women, and about women. As a result, in the 1970s shoujo manga created a special way to use the male body in order to introduce the theme of sexuality. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics visualizes the theme of sexuality using adult womenââ¬â¢s bodies. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics offered the theme of sexuality to both women writers and readers in a more suitable way for their age (Yonezawa 1988: 168) and the issues positively represent sexuality, showing women who frankly enjoy their sexual affairs (Fujimoto 1999b: 84). Employing womenââ¬â¢s own bodies, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics provided women, who were not allowed to be in a subject position for their sexuality and pleasure, with a space in which they can acknowledge and accept their sexuality. However at this point, we have a problem with ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in that the texts represent womenââ¬â¢s roles only from womenââ¬â¢s points of view. For example, explicit sexual encounters from a female protagonistââ¬â¢s point of view are often depicted in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which seem to challenge the pornographic discourse of maleoriented publishers. This may heighten womanââ¬â¢s consciousness, suggesting that women can also gain a subject position from which they can ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëlookââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ at and objectify males. But we cannot say that the texts do not reinscribe the man/woman power relationship because they are written for female readers alone and thus do not affect male readers in any way. As long as these texts explore ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomenââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ only from the point of view of heterosexual women, the use of women by women is not much different from menââ¬â¢s use of women for purposes of sexual titillation (Pollock 1977: 142), which Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 785 retains the hierarchical power relationship; they remain mere image-promoters rather than image-makers. This limitation of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is re? ected in the fact that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics present marriage as a natural goal for a woman. As Arimitsu Mamiko remarks, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics mainly functioned as a reinscription of patriarchal values and a female version of pornography (Arimitsu 1991: 154). As long as the characters in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics question whether they can get married or continue their marriage safely, they never question the system itself. To envision a womanââ¬â¢s future position as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëhappyââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ housewife and mother might even enhance the myth of motherhood as a natural result of marriage. Here women objectify themselves according to patriarchal codes, reinforcing heterosexual gender roles and preserving a ? xed ideology. Considering that the genre ladiesââ¬â¢ comics does not abandon the traditional view of ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomenââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ but perpetuates it, we cannot help but see the genre reinscribing the existing value of gender. However, considering the turning point in shoujo manga in terms of sexuality in the 1970s, it is crucial to note that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics provided women with a space in which they could confront and acknowledge their own bodies. Although most ladiesââ¬â¢ comics might only represent the traditional power relationship between men and women, the space of women in manga for women has been changing, generating different forms. The history of shoujo manga as womenââ¬â¢s space has existed for only a few decades and has offered various ways to challenge the existing gender roles. After the turning point in the 1970s, in which shoujo manga introduced the subversive theme of sexuality, shoujo as a female body has been secured by employing a boyââ¬â¢s body to explore the theme of sexuality. In terms of the theme of sexuality, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is one of the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailuresââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of shoujo manga. adiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which can deal with explicit sexuality that shoujo manga could not handle. As a gendered category for women, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a younger sister of shoujo manga. But ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is not a genre which takes over the characteristics of shoujo manga regar ding sexuality. Instead, dealing with a taboo subject for shoujoââ¬â¢s sexuality, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre for a woman who fails to be a shoujo. Shoujo manga has interpellated readers and writers in terms of gender, while portraying taboo subjects in the form of the absence of the shoujo. The category ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a womenââ¬â¢s genre would also tell women how to perform as 786 A Journal of Popular Culture ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomenââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ and signal writers and readers that they are reading what has been written for adult ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomen,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ while portraying what shoujo cannot be or do. Here, the existence of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which promises womenââ¬â¢s sexual pleasure, seemingly performs what adult women want, and reinscribes the existing power relationship between man and woman merely by replacing male gazes with female gazes. However, as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailureââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of the category shoujo manga, it also disturbs a woman when she sees her sexuality in a traditional way. As a supposedly sexual ââ¬Ëââ¬Ësubjectââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ in pornographic representations for women in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, a female reader may enjoy her sexual desire, but may also see her sexual desire of an adult woman as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailureââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of a shoujo or what is not shoujo. The female sexual subject of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics destabilizes the idea of shoujo, which does not contain female sexuality of women and does not present womenââ¬â¢s bodies. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, as a category for women, reinscribes the traditional values of women, but at the same time, as a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëfailureââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ of shoujo manga, promising to introduce what shoujo or a future woman should not have, stimulates the world of comics for ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwomen. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ This characteristic of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which presents what shoujo manga cannot contain, might emphasize and develop ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as pornographic representations of womenââ¬â¢s bodies, which could not directly be represented in shoujo manga and needed to be transformed into other bodies. In this sense, pornographic representations of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are part of the concept of shoujo and its absence, rather than a result of a mere reversal of a male and female power relationship which merely looks at a womanââ¬â¢s body as a sexual object. 2. Role Models to Women Another function of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has been to present various images of womenââ¬â¢s lifestyles as role models for other women. Mainly dealing with themes which closely report womenââ¬â¢s daily lives such as love, marriage, and work (Yonezawa 2000: 1009), the purpose of the genre has been to describe ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ womenââ¬â¢s lives (cf. Fujimoto 1990: 193-94). A shoujo manga writer, Shouji Masako, who is currently writing ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, comments that writing shoujo manga is easier than writing ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, because in shoujo manga you can Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 787 pursue dreams and readers would not recognize them as lies (Shouji Masako 1983: 110). A realist perspective on womenââ¬â¢s lives is one difference between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Since the 1970s, one of the crucial reasons for shoujo manga to be treated as serious ? ction has been its use of fantastic illusions in addition to realistic concepts. As Fujimoto Yukari remarks, in the world of shoujo manga, most of the working womenââ¬â¢s occupations are special ones such as designers, pianists, actresses, or models, where talent and originality matter; ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, however, even in the late 1980s, depict common womenââ¬â¢s daily lives (Fujimoto 1994). Offering various familiar lifestyles and their problems, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics becomes a sphere in which women can see their own lives as women. However, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, as well as shoujo manga, does not always encourage women to be independent (Matsuzawa 1999: 29) and to ? ht traditional, patriarchal values, which compel women to stay within a subsidiary position. For example, Waru [A Bad Girl], a long-run ladiesââ¬â¢ comic from 1988 to 1997 in Be Love, presents the success story of a woman who continuously overcomes the dif? culties of her lower status as an of? ce lady and at the same time never gives up her love. Some readers regard Waru as an example of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics with a feminist point of view which encourages women readers to be independent (Sakamoto 1999: 27). At the same time, this work has been criticized in that the heroine is totally passive and merely lucky (Erino 1991: 177). Erino Miya claims that the heroine does not do anything to further her career. The protagonist only accepts other peopleââ¬â¢s advice, and never doubts it, and she is asked to do things which seem to have no relation to her career, such as to remember a sweeperââ¬â¢s name. This work only regards a woman as a person who cannot do anything without help and never discovers her life by herself, but always thinks about love. Although some ladiesââ¬â¢ comics depict the severe and unequal reality which women may face at the of? ce, most stories end with a happy marriage to a nice husband. Yet according to Murakami Tomohiko, since the 1990s, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics began to be regarded as a genre which also deals with social issues. Until then, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics had drawn attention only to its pornographic and radically sexual scenes (Murakami 2000: 1006). As a genre which deals with womenââ¬â¢s 788 A Journal of Popular Culture eality, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics began to focus on more social and political issues, such as domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment, and so on, presenting how the woman character tackles the problems, suffers, and sometimes makes mistakes, rather than clearly suggesting which solution she should take. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics draws both womenââ¬â¢s reality and their fantasies in a more serious way than shoujo manga, in that shoujo are at an age when they can still enjoy illu sions of gender, while the reality faced by readers of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics requires them to consider marriage as if it were a social obligation. The theme of marriage in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics begins to appear as one social and political issue, while shoujo manga deals only with a process to marriage. Moreover, differently from shoujo manga, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics can present issues after marriage, including divorce as a principal theme. For example, Amane Kazumi, one of the most productive ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers, deals with current womenââ¬â¢s issues in a serious way. Shelter, one of her ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, depicts a woman who is beaten by her husband (see Figure 1). They had two daughters. The younger daughter was very smart and her fatherââ¬â¢s favorite. After she died in an accident on her way home with her mother, the fatherââ¬â¢s violence toward his family erupts. His violence unveils his male-centered values and contempt toward his wife. The wife and their elder daughter escape from the husband and go to a shelter for battered women. Shelter depicts how the female protagonist overcomes her problem, recovers her con? dence, and regains an independent life, which she once had as a lawyer. Presenting other women who share the same problem, this work considers different cases of domestic violence. As we see in this manga, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a genre about women living in reality as adults, seems to show more concern about the process of how the heroine and other women change their lives, rather than about a solution leading to a happy ending. This work not only reveals male dominance within society, but also portrays each womanââ¬â¢s ? aws and how she easily spoils her partner and their relationship without knowing it, for example, by only being concerned about her ? nancial status and being supported by her husband although she does not love her husband any more. In this work, each story ends when a woman decides to change her life in a positive way, which leaves an impression of a happy ending. Yet in fact, it is not simply a happy ending. It is a new beginning for her life, Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 789 Figure 1. Amane Kazumi. Shelter. Tokyo: Hakusensha, 2001. 26-27. r 2000 Kazumi Amane/Hakusenha. which is not guaranteed to be a better life than before. However, some reference to the actual law related to womenââ¬â¢s status and reliable comments by the heroine as a lawyer may suggest to readers that this manga could help and encourage women who are in reality suffering from a problem. Thus, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics develops as a genre for female readers and their issues, which shoujo manga could not take up. Nevertheless, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics seems still to contain a conventional sense of femininity, which shoujo manga also displays as a genre. The following two points especially emphasize the traditional concept of femininity in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. First, as I suggested before, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics presents many women who depend upon their husbands or partners and are waiting for someone who would lead them and love them. Second, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics rarely present elderly or middle-aged female protagonists, although the genre was generated from womenââ¬â¢s need to ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëgrow up. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ 790 A Journal of Popular Culture The ? rst point supports a passive femininity like that of Cinderella which can be seen in shoujo manga. As we have examined, it also re? ects the current status of Japanese women, in which, as Shiota and other critics remark, the traditional womanââ¬â¢s life as a housewife totally supported by her husband has been the easiest, most traditional, and socially acceptable life for women to choose. This may explain why ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are more concerned with marriage, than with women living independently of marriage. However, as we have seen in Shelter, the treatment of marriage has been changing and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is becoming a genre which shows the problems of current social issues about women who can be part of an unhappy marriage. The second point also re? ects traditional femininity. That is to say, in the world of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, the concept of youth seems still effective as a key concept of ideal femininity, just like in the world of shoujo. In comparison with menââ¬â¢s comics which presents many middle-aged male main characters, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which rarely show older females as main characters, seem a part of shoujo manga, rather than an independent genre. One of the characteristics of the genre for adults might lie in its treatment of various types of characters in part de? ned by age. In this respect, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a genre for women could have focused on widely aged female characters and have even expanded a sense of femininity regarding age. However, middle-aged women, as Susan Napier points out, have been excluded from the world of manga: ââ¬Ëââ¬ËIt is also interesting to note that there seem to be relatively few manga concerning middleaged women or mothers in contemporary Japanââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ (Napier 1998: 105). Nevertheless, in comparison to other genres, we ? nd more middle-aged and older women characters in ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as subcharacters. Their problems are depicted from the younger heroinesââ¬â¢ point of view, and in that sense, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics at least do not ignore elder women, but include them. Thus, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics still maintains the traditional sense of femininity, which shoujo manga also holds as part of its conventional sense of shoujo. In this respect, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has not made a genre of manga for women in a general sense yet. Rather, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which presents what shoujo manga cannot do. In other words, dealing with both tradition and subversion to the existing notion of shoujo and making a dissonance between them to destabilize the existing system must be a way which ladiesââ¬â¢ comics takes over from shoujo manga. Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 791 Promising to show women who are not shoujo any more, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics stimulates readersââ¬â¢ existing notion about women who still recognize imaginary shoujo in themselves. However these days, we see the term josei manga, which means manga for women, and which tries to replace the term ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Although it has not emerged yet, in a strict sense that there are no manga for women of different ages, this genre is gradually moving away from shoujo manga to a womenââ¬â¢s genre. Performing what cannot be shoujo and promising the emergence of a genre of manga for women, the genre adiesââ¬â¢ comics may also continuously urge women not to depend on the division anymore between shoujo manga for shoujo and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics for women who are not shoujo, which divides women into only two types that supposedly never merge. Writing Women and Shoujo Manga The number of ladies comics magazines increased from two in 1980 to 48 in 1991, and to 57 in 1993, as I noted ea rlier. By 1998 the number had shrunk somewhat to 54. They still have a large readership, although their publication was reduced in the late 1990s. The total publication including special issues of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in 1998 was 103,820,000, which comprises 7% of all manga publication; the highest total publication of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics was 133,520,000 in 1991 (Shuppan 1999: 226). However, the concept of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has gradually changed. As we have seen, the contents of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics have experienced some change in that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics also became a genre of political and social issues. Further, another genre of manga for women emerged from ladiesââ¬â¢ comics and shoujo manga. In the late 1980s and 1990s, a different type of commercial magazine of manga for women came out: Young You in 1987, Young Rose in 1990, and Feel Young in 1991. While some data count these magazines as ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, they have been regarded by critics and readers as another genre (Ishida 1992: 76; Fujimoto 1999a: 28). Since these early magazines share the word ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëyoungââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ in their titles, the new genre has been called ââ¬Ëââ¬ËYoung ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢3 Their target readers range from girls in their late teens to women under thirty. Yet the genre seems to cover a wider range of readers, since there are characters over thirty and readersââ¬â¢ pages often show letters from middle-aged 792 A Journal of Popular Culture women. Although we manage to distinguish these three genres, the actual boundaries regarding contents, readers, and writers among shoujo manga, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are somewhat vague, perhaps except for shoujo manga for lower teens and the special interest of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics in pornography, horror comics, mothering, and so on (Yonezawa 2000: 1009). Besides, some young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines call themselves shoujo manga. For example, a phrase of the copy for Chorus, one of the popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines, signi? es the status of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics: shoujo manga mo otona ni naru [shoujo manga also grows up]. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a contradictory genre which at once contains sexuality, shoujo, and adult women. How mi ght we explain the contradictory impulses at work in the new genre, which has both characteristics of shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, and at the same time, is different from the existing two genres in terms of womenââ¬â¢s lives? I will explore what enables this alternative perspective, which can share and separate the two genres at the same time, considering how the genre young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics can open a different perspective in the world of manga for women, and how the term shoujo, which these three genres share, functions upon this genre to create a new writing. Since the genre contains shoujo, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics can be regarded as a part of shoujo manga, but it also contains adult women and their issues and has characteristics of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. In this sense, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. As Fujimoto remarks, the concept of marriage seems to play an important role to distinguish these three genres. shoujo manga represents women before marriage and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics deals with women after marriage, while young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics represents both womenââ¬â¢s lives before and after marriage. Fujimotoââ¬â¢s idea of the division between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, i. e. , marriage, suggests that both shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics are patriarchal products. Ishida Saeko also sees young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as a product between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Yet Ishida regards young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics as manga closer to shoujo manga. According to Ishida, although it contains sexuality, the genre takes over the world of shoujo manga, which is more concerned with shoujoââ¬â¢s inner mind and cannot escape the narrow and personal world of ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëherself. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ In this respect, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is not a totally new genre. That is because shoujo manga as the ? rst genre of Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 793 manga for women has heavily affected other genres of manga in terms of women, especially this genre which employs shoujo as main characters. Yet simultaneously, we may also ? nd some signi? cant characteristics in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, in its treatment of the same term shoujo. These three genres share the concept of shoujo, but their modes of representation are different. Shoujo manga has shoujo, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has a taboo concept for shoujo in the form of sexuality, and young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has shoujo, although it deals with sexuality. They are all manga, for women, by women, of women, but make use of the concept of women in terms of shoujo differently . The characteristic of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics appears in its treatment of shoujo and reality, which distinguishes this new genre from shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. On the one hand, shoujo manga visualizes the concept of shoujo and, as I suggested, even if it introduces taboo concepts like displacement into male bodies to shoujo, readers would notice their existence in the form of the absence of shoujo. On the other hand, ladiesââ¬â¢ comics deals with what is taboo to shoujo as a counter category to shoujo manga and tries to depict adult womenââ¬â¢s real lives and issues which shoujo manga cannot imagine. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics maintains a shoujoââ¬â¢s point of view, but it also inherits a characteristic from ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which surveys reality rather than fantasy and tries to present shoujoââ¬â¢s life and issues as part of the reality surrounding them, just like ladiesââ¬â¢ comics tries to deal with womenââ¬â¢s issues and lives from their own perspective as women. Reading works published as young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, we would never think at least at the ? rst glance that they are presenting ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality. ââ¬â¢ Many elements remind readers of shoujo manga: their cute characters with big eyes, their concern for love and inner feelings, and special situations or happenings which would rarely occur to ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëactual girls. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Yet their concern for reality makes young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics unique and different from shoujo manga. For example, let us examine Onna tachi no miyako [Womenââ¬â¢s Utopia] (1992-1994) by Matsunae Akemi , one of the most productive and popular shoujo manga writers who also writes for young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. In the late 1980s, an early series of this manga was published as shoujo manga. From 1988 to 1990, Katorea na onna tachi [Women Like Cattleya], which employs the same characters, was published in LaLa, and from 1992 to 1994, Onna tachi no miyako was published in Bouquet. 794 A Journal of Popular Culture LaLa and Bouquet are both shoujo manga magazines. In 1993, the series was also published in a new magazine Chorus, which has been one of the popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ magazines. This work experienced a transition from shoujo manga to young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. It is about three women characters running a nursing home for elderly people. At ? rst glance, this work may seem to present typical cute shoujo characters. Then immediately, we notice that this manga uses the term shoujo in a double sense. One is shoujo in their teens and the other is shoujo in an ideological sense, which signi? es women who have either shoujoââ¬â¢s mind and feelings or appearance despite their age, even if they are in their seventies. In Figure 2, an interviewer mistakenly asks them a question for girls. The interviewer immediately runs away after she notices that she made a mistake, but the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëagedââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ girls complain why the interviewer does not de? ne a girlââ¬â¢s age up to 74, instead of 24. Using aged protagonists, this manga unveils how the term shoujo is ? ated on the notion of youth. Simultaneously, this manga portrays issues of old age and sometimes depicts aged charactersââ¬â¢ pasts, Figure 2. Matsunae Akemi. Onna tachi no miyako. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Shueisha, 1994. 7-8. r 1994 Matsunae Akemi/SHUEISHA, Inc. Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 795 in which they were physically â⠬Ëââ¬Ëshoujo. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Not seriously, but comically, this work depicts how they had to suffer as shoujo in a traditional world under the patriarchal society before the war, suggesting a contrast with the current meaning of shoujo, which appears totally liberal in the story. This disruption of the notion of age in the world of shoujo manga, which later moved into the category young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, might tell us how the term shoujo began to become a sign which can ? oat free from the body of shoujo. The characters insist that they are still shoujo. Yet their existence as shoujo might subvert our notion of the existing shoujo and the traditional shoujo image. In this work, shoujo is not a body anymore, but is an ideological concept that suggests that everyone can be shoujo if they want. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is a genre which visually uses shoujo mangaââ¬â¢s technique and presents cute girls. Like ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, the genre centers on female characters and their issues, but its representation offers ? exible images of shoujo, which does not always show the properly aged shoujo. The notion of shoujo can be applied to any body beyond its physical sense of being a teenaged female before marriage. A con? ict between the notion of shoujo and what is actually presented as shoujo subjects gives a twist to the world of shoujo. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is about shoujo, and does not always show a taboo concept to the category shoujo, as ladiesââ¬â¢ comics tries to show. This aspect of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, once again, refers to the fact that shoujo can be a signi? er which freely moves from the existing bodies of shoujo, emphasizing itself as an ideological notion, from which readers may take and get out whatever they want. Furthermore, such different treatments of reality among these three genres will appear in their different endings. A typical shoujo manga has been regarded as the story, of a prince and a princess with a happy ending to a love story such as Cinderella, in which a lower-status girl gains a higher-status husband through magic. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics present their works as part of real lives and expect the ending to provide readers with an actual solution which they would also have in their lives. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics also concerns reality and many women writers for this genre claim that they want to write manga which does not end but continues in the same way as the real life that they are having now continues. In general, they regard shoujo manga as a limited genre which does not allow them to write what they are writing currently. The concept of the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ 796 A Journal of Popular Culture ppears as if it were a common key word among them regarding their comments on the limit of shoujo manga. However, the concept of the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreal,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ which young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics deals with, also seems to have a unique message, because young ladies comics does not abandon shoujoââ¬â¢s point of view, which also allows readers to see dreams. Despite its concern about real lives of women, the concept of shoujo still remains in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. Yet, the difference between shoujo manga and young ladies comics can be found in their treatment of this shoujo. Basically, shoujo manga shows the world of a girl before the age of social duty. Young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics seemingly present a similar world in which a character can appear as shoujo without any social obligations. However, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics also emphasize some aspects of the protagonist, which stress that she has also been living in a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ life. In reality, ââ¬Ëââ¬Ësheââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ gets hurt, gets old, or gets changed in some way. She also witnesses somebody experiencing a change. A shoujo protagonist in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics appears not as a momentary existence which will ? nish once the story ends, but as an actual existence, just like the readers who are living and continue their lives after the story ends. This perspective, which sees shoujoââ¬â¢s life as one that will continue after the story ends, is common among popular authors in the ? eld of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics. For example, a wellreceived young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, Happy-Mania, by Anno Moyoko, which started in 1995 and ended in July 2001, presents a unique shoujo character, who easily makes love but cannot ? nd a boy whom she can trust. Unlike the existing type of shoujo, this heroine uses her body as her ? rst step to love. Anno says that she now writes a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ love story with sexual scenes which Anno herself could have experienced but shoujo manga discourages (Anno 1999: 160). For example, in Figure 3, the protagonist is excited about her new love, while her friend, who is drawn as a smaller ? gure, asks her if they used a condom or not. Tracing this protagonist, who is easily blinded by her love, this story continues to show various cases of love affairs which young women might experience. Figure 4 shows a moment when she ? nds out that her boyfriend has another girlfriend. That does not end her love, and the story continues showing her pursuing her boyfriend until she becomes something like a stalker and ? nally notices what she is doing for a worthless male; she decides to ? d another lover. And then, another story Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 797 Figure 3. Anno Moyoko. Happy-Mania. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Shodensha, 1996. 97. r 1996 Anno Moyoko/Shodensha. 798 A Journal of Popular Culture Figure 4. Anno Moyoko. Happy-Mania. Vol 1. Tokyo: Shodensha, 1996. 112. r 1996 Anno Moyoko/Shodensha. Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 799 about this protagonis t begins. Although readers of shoujo manga may expect a happy ending, the readers here do not necessarily expect one (Anno 1999: 164). Moreover, Minami Qta, one of the popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers, denies the concept of ending itself. Her work is quite different from typical shounen (boys) and shoujo manga which offer a clear ending. According to her (Minami 1997: 196), typical shounen and shoujo manga are stories about gaining something. Shounen manga deal with the pursuit of power, money, or a position, while shoujo manga aims at attracting a handsome boy. Yet, to her, ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealityââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ does not cease the moment something has been attained. Makimura Satoru, a popular and renowned shoujo manga writer who has written for shoujo manga since the 1970s, refers to how she felt when she began writing for young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics (Makimura 1999). She thought that she could not write any more dream-like works for manga. She wished to write ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ in which as long as she lived, she would face more uncomfortable facts. At the same time, she did not totally abandon shoujo manga. Yet she composed her works in a different way, using some aspects of shoujo manga. She began research outside the world of shoujo manga. Researching readers by herself, she found how deceitful and ? ctitious what she had written as shoujo manga was. Here, what she notes as the importance in the category genre of young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics is to present ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality. ââ¬â¢ These young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers ? nd shoujo manga full of deceits which tell only comforting myths to entertain shoujo with dreamlike ideas; young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics allow them to write something other than fantasy. In fact, many popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writers share this wish for the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreal. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â ¢ Onozuka Kahori, another popular young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics writer, also makes similar comments that she is writing a life, not a story, with upheavals, which might even hurt you. They wish to show how shoujo will be if she continues her life. Even after the story ends, their charactersââ¬â¢ lives would continue. Onozuka suggests that she would like to send a message to readers, which suggests that even if they can be hurt, they will be ? ne, and such experience will give them power to continue their lives (Onozuka 1999: 30). However, in speaking about the ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ that shoujo manga cannot present, we should note that these young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics 800 A Journal of Popular Culture writers point out facts. On the one hand, they have shoujo, and on the other hand, they want the shoujo to grow up, move, and change. Can shoujo grow up? The term shoujo is a category for girls during a special period in which they are neither children nor adults. Yet some heroines in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics seem to already have grown up because they deal with the theme of sexuality. Considering the ideological function of the category shoujo, which has used even her absence as her substance, we note a similar function of the category shoujo in young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which uses shoujoââ¬â¢s absence, rather than showing a heroine who is shoujo. By offering a heroine who grows up enough to deal with sexuality, but has not found a way to settle down herself in accordance with the social codes which her gender requires, such as marriage, young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics make use of the concept of shoujo. This heroine, who already has a sexual body of a woman, offers shoujoââ¬â¢s absence, rather than her existence. The absence of shoujo functions here again as a key to perceiving the connection of the manga with a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ life, which shoujo does not have; young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics resists idealization which portrays only one piece of her life as if it were the best moment. The genre of ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, which employs the theme of sexuality and womenââ¬â¢s bodies and their issues, has been a practice of how to develop what shoujo manga has treated in the form of the absence of shoujo to describe womenââ¬â¢s sexuality and their adult lives. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics enabled what shoujo manga could not contain. Then young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics was born and dealt with what ladiesââ¬â¢ comics could not contain. Showing both what ladiesââ¬â¢ comics cannot contain and what shoujo manga cannot contain, the new genre, temporarily called young ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, seems to occupy a place in between shoujo manga and ladiesââ¬â¢ comics, but it is more than that, rooted in the term shoujo. Showing the body of shoujo, it alters the meaning of shoujo into that of a future adult woman, who is still in the process of changing and considering her life in reality. In 1999, the Kikai kintou hou [The Equal Employment Opportunity Law] of 1985 was amended. A clause concerning sexual harassment was added and the law became stricter. The older version of the law only encouraged companies not to discriminate against women, but the revised law bans discrimination in promotion, education, and so on. It becomes a companyââ¬â¢s duty not to discriminate against employees in terms Female Subjectivity and Shoujo Manga A 801 of gender. However, there are still many points which need to be amended. For example, the new clause concerning sexual harassment does not ban sexual harassment. According to the new version of the law, it is a companyââ¬â¢s duty to take sexual harassment into consideration. Under such circumstances, womenââ¬â¢s struggle at work will continue. The category shoujo functions as an ideological apparatus for women to be free from social obligations such as marriage. Womenââ¬â¢s world of manga began with the term of shoujo. Even a new genre for adult women has been formed out of shoujo manga and seems to be still part of shoujo, which could escape from the reality and social obligation. houjo still functions as an important aspect of comics for women. When will women in Japan escape the world of shoujo? The Japanese society imposes many problems on women although women are trying to get out of the category shoujo, which they claim ignores ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëreality. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ However, women continue to question the disconnection between the category shoujo and themselves as adult women, allowing them both to think of their actual lives from the point of view of a shoujo who has not been involved in social obligations yet, and to imagine themselves as shoujo. In that sense, the category shoujo still gives female readers a performative power by promising to show another perspective which is the reality in which they live, in a process of their search for their own way of living. Notes Japanese names appear in the same order as they appear in their articles or books. 2 Number of children to whom one woman shall give birth when she is between the ages of 15 and 49 years old. In 1997, the birth rate in Japan was 1. 39. 3 Mediaworks. /http://www. mediaworks. co. jp/alt/000/text/ya. htmlS. 4 Yonezawa remarks that ladiesââ¬â¢ comics magazines have three kinds of target readers: ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëyoung Mrs. ââ¬â¢ for housewives, ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëladiesââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ for working women, and ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëyoung adultââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ for younger women around twenty. Ladiesââ¬â¢ comics by major publishers employ many manga writers who were once engaged as shoujo manga writers. According to Yonezawa, the main stream of current ladiesââ¬â¢ comics has been closer to shoujo manga. 1 802 A Journal of Popular Culture Works Cited Allison, Anne. Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure, and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1994. Amane, Kazumi. Shelter. Tokyo: Hakusensha, 2001. Anno, Moyoko. Happy Mania. 11 Vols. Tokyo: Shodensha, 1996-2001. Anno, Moyoko, Fushimi Noriaki, and Saito Ayako. ââ¬Ëââ¬ËRenai no real wo kakukoto. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Eureka 29. 4 (1997): 154-64. Arimitsu, Mamiko. ââ¬Ëââ¬ËYokubou surukoto eno yokubou. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ imago 2. 10 (1991): 152-61. Bornoff, Nicholas. Pink Samurai: Love, Marriage Sex in Contemporary Japan. New York: Pocket Books, 1991. Buckley, Sandra. ââ¬Ëââ¬ËThe Case of the Disappearing Subject: A Japanese Pornographic Tale. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Discours social/Social Discourse 1/2 (Spring/ Summer 1989): 93-109. Erino, Miya. ââ¬Ëââ¬Ë ââ¬ËShiawaseââ¬â¢ no dou dou meguri. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ imago 2. 10 (1991): 175-81. 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How to cite Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga, Papers Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4421867997440253423.post-54124755634301377482019-12-08T09:27:00.001-08:002019-12-08T09:27:03.694-08:00Duty of care The Law of Tort Consists Question: Write an essay on Duty of care. Answer: Duty of care: The law of tort consists of some act or omission done by the defendant (tortfeasor) whereby he has without just cause or excuse caused some harm to plaintiff. In order to give rise a tort, there should be: A unlawful act or error of the defendant The unlawful act should be leading legal damage to another; and The unlawful act should be of such a nature, which give rise to a legal remedy. The fact of this case states that George Michael who is the owner of groove olive in Koala Island was apparently one of the top producer of organic olive oil. While on the other hand Andrew Ridgeley who is just adjacent to the Georges Olive farm employed a pilot who mistook his master plot for Georges plot and sprays aerial chemical pesticides. Because of this it has led to a major impact on Oleocampo olive groves and he was unable to produce anymore. The case study reflects that Andrew did not knew about the act of his pilot olive grooves which was just adjacent to his land and had been negligent. Andrew Ridgeley will be held liable for the damages caused under the law of tort for vicarious liability. It was held in the rule of Rayland vs Fletcher (1868) L.R 3 H.L 300 that a person acts at his peril and he is the insurer of the safety of his neighbour against the harm resulting from accidental cause (Daye and Morris 2015). Breach of Duty: The case study give the rise of vicarious liability as a person may be held responsible for the tort committed by other. Hence, in this Andrew is the master and he is vicariously liable for the tort committed by his pilot, principle for the tort of his agent. This is known as the vicarious liability of tort. In the Lloyd vs Grace, Smith Co (1912) A.C 716 the managing clerk of the firm of solicitor, while acting in the ordinary course of business committed fraud against a lady client by including her signature fraudulently in to the documents transferring her property to him. The clerk committed such fraud without the knowledge of his principle who was held liable as the fraud was committed during the course of employment. Such duty is absolute as because it is independent of negligence on the part of defendant or his servants. It was in the case law that if a person brings or accumulates on his land anything, which is capable of causing damage to his neighbour, he does such act on his own peril. It he does not escape and cause damage to his neighbour he will held liable for such act of negligence, however careful he may have been and whatever may be the precautions he may have undertaken to prevent such damage. Damage: The above stated case study reflects that George Michael should sue Andrew Ridgeley under the prevailing circumstances; it is legally wrongful concerning the party suing under the act of negligence on the part of defendant. In other words the act caused by Andrew is prejudicially effects the above-mentioned interest which is legally protected by law. While on the other hand Julie who used to work in the olive grove of Michaels has legal right to sue Andrew under the Damnum Sine Injuria as it has caused damaged, harm or loss in respect of money, level of comfort, health etc. Injuria refers to the infringement of the right which is conferred by law to the plaintiff. The maxim refers in this given case, that Julie who have suffered damage and loss in terms of money and it is liable action in tort, because the damage is protected in terms of law of torts. Some rights or interest are of significance importance and their violation cannot be ignored and it is liable for an actionable tort without the need for proof of damage. Thus, Julie will be successful if she sues Ridgeley his act of negligence has give rise to invasion of the plaintiff rights, there is an injuria, and the actions of the plaintiff will succeed (Goldberg and Zipursky 2012). Conclusion: This above stated case study highlights that there are two important element that a tort leads to civil injury or wrongful act due to which an infringement of right of an individual should be compensated when a plaintiff files a suit against the party who caused an injury. Hence, tortuous liability gives rise to the breach of duty In the present case, it is observed that Wyatt Marlstone who is well known chef hosting a regular television shows is also one of the customers of Oleacampos. On hearing that Oleocampos will not be able to provide him with the olive oil for a period of one year leads to nervous shock. This branch of law of torts is comparatively new and of recent origin. Such law provides relief only when a person suffers a physical injury not by an impact arising from stick, bullet or sword but merely due to the failure of the nervous systems generating shock on hearing something or seeing something. However, it must be noted that causing of nervous systems shock cannot be considered adequate to make it actionable under the law of tort. The law states that some injury or nervous systems illness must happen because of the emotional disturbance, or fear or sorrow (Kelly et al 2015). The creation of duty of care is in the form of negligence which is broken up into three elements. As stated in the Donoghue vs Steveson it laid down the framework for subscequent development. According to Lord Atkinson Speech it is observed that the concept of reasonableness is seen as the cause of harm. While on the other hand the second element states that both the claimant and the defendant must be in the relationship of proximity and the final element states that it is fair and just to held a person liable on the part of defendant for his reckless actions. The above stated three elements did not materialise until the case of Caparo industries vs Dickman. The above stated case study is in relation to the torts or wrongful act to personal safety and freedom. Maggie suffered mental trauma on hearing such happening and it is advisable to Maggie that she can sue Ridgeley for his negligent actions (McMahon and Binchy 2013). Breach of duty: The law states in the above stated case study that once a duty of case is created it must reflect that the duty has been breached. The questions, which will be raised in the court of law, will be based on the behaviour of the defendant who in this is Ridgeley below the threshold of the reasonable man. However, it is understood that allowance is granted to the defendant on the basis of his age. While on the other hand there could also be no allowance can be granted based on the personal circumstances. Hence, the case reflects that the defendant is experienced to carry out his responsibility as a reasonably skilled and competent person (Pound et al 2013). Damage: The condition for the liability of tort is the legal remedy for the damage. In the present case study it is evident that Maggie suffered nervous shock due to the negligence of Ridgeley. Hence, such actions constitute a tort and such unlawful act is covered under the law. The remedy for a tort is an action for un liquidated damages or some specific remedies can be obtained for example Maggie can file an injunction which may be obtained in addition to the damage or a specific restitution can be claimed for such damages caused. Conclusion: The case study reflects that Maggie could not bear the news of heart attack as the nervous system could not hold through the nerves in order to prevent injury. Such acts are actionable under the law of tort as it states that the plaintiff has suffered personal injury as the result of the emotional damages causing disturbances, fear and sorrow. Reference List: Daye, C.E. and Morris, M.W., 2015.North Carolina Law of Torts. LexisNexis. Geistfeld, M.A., 2014. Risk distribution and the law of torts: carrying Calabresi further.Law Contemp. Probs.,77, p.165. Goldberg, J.C. and Zipursky, B.C., 2012. Rights and Responsibility in the Law of Torts.Rights and Private Law, pp.251-274. Kelly, K., Schwartz, V. and Partlett, D.F., 2015. Prosser, Wade, Schwartz, Kelly, and Partlett's Torts, Cases and Materials. McMahon, B.M. and Binchy, W., 2013.Law of torts. Pound, R., Ames, J.B. and Smith, J., 2013.A Selection of Cases on the Law of Torts. Harvard University Press. RECOURSE, C. and Calabresi, G., 2013. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LAW SCHOOLS TORTS COMPENSATION SYSTEMS PANEL. Shulman, H., James, F., Gray, O.S. and Gifford, D.G., 2015.Law of Torts: Cases and Materials. Merrick Gibbonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12435049878611819767noreply@blogger.com0